The Crawford Collection

of

Early Charters and Documents

Now in the Bodleian Library

EDITED BY

S. NAPIER

MERTON PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

AND

W. H. STEVENSON

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1895

/V3

HENRY FROWDE

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE

AMEN CORNER, E.G.

(JUw

MACMILLAN & CO., 66 FIFTH AVENUE

CONTENTS

PREFACE v

CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS . i

NOTES .... . 37

INDEX . . ... 153

PREFACE

THE collection of MSS. of which these charters form a part was purchased by the Curators of the Bodleian Library at the sale of the library of W. H. Crawford, of Lakelands, county Cork, by Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, on March 14, 1891. The charters are inserted in a large oblong scrap book, bound in Russia leather, now numbered ' MS. Eng. hist. a. 2,' kept as ' Arch. F. a. 3.' The remainder of the collection, which has been removed from this volume and trans- ferred to other classes in the Bodleian, comprises fifty-one later charters, thirty-six of which relate to Surrey, from c. 1230 to 1537; a fragment of a Walsingham abbey chartulary (MS. Top. Norf. b. i); an early-eleventh cent, fragment of St. John's Gospel ii. 6-iii. 34 and vi. i9~vii. 10 in Old English (MS. Eng. Bib. c. 2), printed by A. S. Napier in the Archiv fur das Studium der neueren Sprachen, vol. 87, p. 255 ; and fragments of Persius, the Achilleis of Statius, Avianus, and the Carmen Paschale of Sedulius (MS. Lat. class, d. 7). Other fragments, mainly Latin, have the following Press Marks : Gr. liturg. c. 2 ; Lat. Bib. c. i ; Lat. liturg. d. 3 ; Lat. th. c. 3 ; Lat. misc. c. 7 ; Eng. poet. f. i (fragment of a seven- teenth century transcript of an English chronicle); Fr. b. i.

Little is known of the history of this ^collection. The volume con- taining them bears no owner's name except that of Mr. Crawford, to whom the collection was sold by Mr. Quaritch some twenty years ago. The binding appears to be about a hundred years old, and as No. VI was in possession of Robert Austen, F.S.A., of Shalford Hall, co. Surrey, in 1791, it is probable that the collection was made or completed by him. This suggestion will account for the number of Surrey deeds in the collection. Austen, who died at his house in Gower Street, London, on

(IV. 7) b

vi PREFACE

November 3, 1797 (Gentleman s Magazine, vol. 67, p. 987), was a con- siderable collector of coins, medals, and MSS., &c. These were bequeathed by him as heir-looms in the family, and, in certain con- tingencies, to the Trustees of the British Museum. By 1812 the conditions under which the collection might revert to the Museum had become impossible, and, by virtue of a private act (52 Geo. III., c. 156), the collection of coins and medals was sold by Austen's son to the Bank of England. It is now in the British Museum, amongst the coins and medals given to the Museum in 1877 by the Governor and Directors of the Bank of England 1. It was probably about this time that Austen's collection of MSS. was disposed of, but we have been unable to trace their fate, or to obtain a list of them.

It is possible that Austen purchased the whole or part of this collection at the sale of the books and MSS. of Thomas Martin (1697- 1771), a well-known antiquary, in May 1774, for the fragment of St. John's Gospel included in the collection bears the following note : ' This Saxon Fragment of St. John's Gospell was us'd as the Cover to a Court Book at Flixton Hall in Suffolk, A° 1722. Tho : Martin/ The same hand has also written : ' Shewn to ye Society of Antiquaries at London June ye 18. 1730 and the word Se haelynd (for Jesus) entred in their book.' The catalogue of Martin's sale does not enable us to identify the deeds, which are very roughly described, as e. g. Lot 306, ' Twenty very ancient and curious deeds.' It is sometimes stated that a lot was ' collected by Mr. Le Neve.' Martin married Le Neve's widow, and Nichols, Literary Anecdotes of the \%th Century, i. 415, records that, at Le Neve's sale in February, 1731, 'a considerable part of them [Le Neve's MSS. and records] came into the hands of Mr. Martin, who before came into the possession of many of them at the time of his marriage.' Peter le Neve, the well-known herald, died on September 29, 1729. One of the charters printed in the following pages (No. IX.) was certainly in Le Neve's hands, for it is endorsed by him with a note. of its price and purchase in 1727. This MS. was in possession of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster in 1702, when it was printed by Thomas Madox. Another charter (No. VI) was added to this collection some time between 1705, when it was still in the

1 For this information, we are indebted to Mr. H. A. Grueber, of the Coin Department, British Museum.

PREFACE vij

possession of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, and 1791, when it was in Austen's hands. It is possible that this, like the other West- minster charter, was acquired by Le Neve, although it has no endorse- ment to this effect \ We are unable to prove Le Neve's ownership of the remainder of the collection, as the catalogue of his sale does not describe his MSS. sufficiently. It is certain that Nos. V and XIV were added to the collection after Le Neve's death, as the former was in possession of Dr. Mason in 1773, and the latter in that of Francis Blomfield (1705-1752), the historian of Norfolk, in 1740. Probably, the collection was commenced by Le Neve, and was augmented by Martin and Austen.

The nucleus of the collection is a valuable set of documents relating to Crediton monastery, which restore to us a large portion of the forgotten history of that foundation. These Crediton muniments (Nos. I, II, III, IV, VII, X, XIII) have been, no doubt, kept together from the time of the dissolution of the monastery, for they probably remained at Crediton after the bishop's see was transferred thence to Exeter, since Crediton retained its chapter until the dissolution of the monasteries2. Certainly No. XIII, Bishop Warelwast's confirmation of the liberties of the canons, must have come from Crediton long after the transfer of the see. Possibly these charters came from Crediton Free School, upon which Edward VI conferred the church and some of the lands of this old foundation. To these Crediton documents have been added two Westminster charters (Nos. VI, IX), which, as we have said, were in possession of the Dean and Chapter in 1705 and 1702 ; a charter (No. XI) that formerly belonged to the great monastery of St. Albans, where it passed under the eyes of Matthew of Paris ; a charter (No. XII) from the monastery of St. Augustine, Canterbury; another (No. VIII) that probably owes its preservation to the monks of Coventry ; and one (No. V) whose earlier home we are unable to trace. The few twelfth-century charters (Nos. XIV to XVII) have obviously no relationship to any of the foundations above named, and they were,

1 It may be noted that Le Neve did not endorse the Harley Charters, 83 A. 2 and 83 A. 3, in the British Museum, which, according to Wanley's endorsement, were bought from him.

2 One of the Crediton charters (Ordnance Survey Facsimiles of Anglo-Saxon MSS., part ii ; Cart. Sax., iii. 623) was given to the Public Record Office in 1870 by Mr. Hy. Garling, of Southborough Hall, Kent. See &nd Report of the Deputy- Keeper of the Public Xecords, p. iv. Nothing is known of the earlier history of this charter.

b 2

Vlll

PREFACE

no doubt, acquired at separate times, like the later deeds in the collection.

The importance of the documents printed in the following pages is evinced by the fact that eight of them are inedited and unknown1. These inedited texts are of singular interest. They include an early copy of an apparently genuine charter of King ^EiSelheard of Wessex, a monarch who has been hitherto represented by one charter ; an original charter of King ^ESelstan, an important addition to the very brief list of original charters of this great king ; an almost contemporary copy of a letter of St. Dunstan in Old-English ; an original charter of King ^ESelred 'the Unready'; the will of a bishop of Crediton ; and the rules made for the canons of Crediton by the bishop of Exeter in the early years of the twelfth century. The collection is hardly less important in regard to documents of which printed texts exist, since it comprises the originals of the following : a charter of King Eadwig, printed by Kemble and Birch from an eighteenth century transcript; the famous forged charter of Edgar to Westminster, hitherto printed from corrupt copies in chartularies ; the will of Leofwine Wulfstan's son, reprinted by Kemble and Thorpe from Madox's text, the original having disappeared; King ^ESelred's charter to St. Alban's, printed, without the O. E. boundaries, by Kemble from a thirteenth century copy.

We have proceeded upon very conservative lines in editing the texts, reproducing, so far as type will permit, the abbreviations of the MSS. The abbreviations in O. E. charters are few and simple, and the reader may solve any difficulty connected with them by reference to the table of compendia given by Kemble, Codex Diplomaticus^ i. p. cxvi (reprinted by Earle, Land Charters^ p. cxi).

In the annotation we have allowed ourselves very wide limits, as it has been our endeavour to illustrate the diplomatic, historical, and philological points of interest. In all these provinces very much remains to be done, for it cannot be said that the O. E. charters have yet been edited. Kemble gives very little real help towards deciding the question of the authenticity of the charters printed by him, whilst Mr. Birch does not attempt to distinguish genuine from forged charters. He is, indeed, sometimes misleading, as when he speaks of an ' Original

1 Since our notes were in type, the first five have been printed from our text in Mr. Birch's Cartularium Saxonicum.

PREFACE ix

Charter in the British Museum,' meaning occasionally a much later copy on a single sheet of parchment. Owing to these causes our progress has been constantly delayed by the necessity of carefully examining the texts of the numerous documents cited by us. We have been enabled, as the result of our examination, to correct the dates of many deeds, some of which bear wrong dates in the chartularies wherein they are preserved, whilst others have been incorrectly dated by Kemble and Birch. Some of these corrections appear in the notes, but there are naturally many others that we have not cited. It has not been at all an uncommon experience for us to find that the date assigned by Kemble and Birch has been rendered impossible by the dates of office of the archbishops or of the bishops who witness the particular charter. This is a very easy way of testing the date of a document, but the application of it to scores of charters involves a great expenditure of time and considerably delays one's progress. In addition to this, we have had to compile our own apparatus for dealing with questions of the formulae and stiles of the different kings, as next to nothing has been done in this important branch of the study of O. E. charters. The labour involved in this has been considerably increased by the necessity of examining and eliminating charters containing formulae inconsistent with the usages of the compilers of the charters of the kings to whom they are assigned 1. We have also found it necessary to make lists of the dates of the attestations of the Ealdormen who witness the O. E. royal charters. This has enabled us to fix the dates of several documents, to authenticate many doubtful ones, and to correct and add to what has been written upon the lives of some of these Ealdormen. Our results are embodied in the notes on the Ealdormen, in which our object has been not to write biographies, but to deal mainly with the fixing of the dates of office, the determination of the provinces, and the kinship of the Ealdormen who come within our view. Although we frequently differ from Mr. Robertson, the principal worker in this field, it will be seen that we repeat much of the information given by him. This arises from the fact that our notes were compiled by ourselves

1 In our notes we have occasionally, for the sake of convenience, spoken of the ' chancery ' of a particular king. As no such office existed under this name under the OE. kings, it is per- haps necessary to explain that we use this word to express the formulae, stile, usages, &c., of the clerks who drew up the charters of the respective kings.

x PREFACE

before reading his articles ; thus they have the merit of being in- dependent compilations. It will be found that they have the greater merit of giving the authorities for important statements for which Mr. Robertson frequently cites no reference. Some of these Ealdormen are very briefly dealt with by Robertson, whilst some are not even men- tioned by him. In the case of Yric, Cnut's earl of Northumberland, we have given a sketch of the life of a great hero of the Norse sagas, who flits across the pages of our histories as a mere name. We have also given a life of his contemporary Eglaf, of whose relationship and history Freeman knew nothing. The lives of these two duces are necessarily drawn mainly from the Scandinavian sagas, and our notes will, we hope, show that the sagas are worthy of a more patient study than Freeman gave to them as sources illustrative of English history.

In compiling our notes, we have carefully examined every text cited by us as the authority for any statement in the departments of history and formulae, and have generally noted the dubious or spurious texts conflicting with our conclusions. We have not, however, pointed out dubious charters that do not conflict with our assertions or whose evidence is supported by genuine deeds of the same, or earlier or later date, as the case may be. We are not prepared to assert that every one of the charters that has passed our examination is authentic, since in many cases it is very difficult to decide the question of authenticity. But it may be taken that the texts not stigmatized by us present no very obvious proofs of being forgeries. Sometimes a genuine charter is ascribed by the scribes of the chartularies to a wrong king, and is liable under such circumstances to be regarded as spurious1. We have not gone so fully into the question of authenticity of the charters cited in the philological notes, since it frequently happens that a late copy or a spurious charter is a sufficient authority for the statement it is intended to support.

Regarding the division of the editors' labours, it may suffice to say that both are responsible for the text, and that, roughly speaking, Prof. Napier has supplied the philological and Mr. Stevenson the historical

1 As there are several charters in Kemble and Birch of which the wrong ascriptions have escaped the editors, we may refer, as examples of this process, to the two charters of King ^E5elred of Wessex, King Alfred's brother, which are ascribed to King Edgar and King Eadred (CS. iii. 24, 488). See Academy, June 30, 1894, pp. 536, 537.

PREFACE

XI

and diplomatic notes. But there has been throughout a constant over- lapping of the functions of the two editors, so that in some cases it would be impossible to determine each editor's share in a note. The whole of the notes have, of course, been independently revised, both in MS. and in type, by both editors.

We cannot take leave of the work without recording our most sincere thanks to the Bishop of Oxford, who has not only shown the kindest interest in this volume throughout its tardy preparation, but has found time to read through the proofs of the notes and has favoured us with very valuable additions and corrections. We have had not only the benefit of his counsel and revision, but also the encouragement afforded us by finding that so many of our notes passed his review without change or criticism. This, of course, does not entitle us to vouch his great authority for any particular statement.

Our thanks are also due to Bodley's Librarian, to whose vigilance the acquisition of this collection is due, for his interest in the work and for numerous kindly attentions during its progress, and to Mr. Falconer Madan for palaeographical help.

A. S. N.

W. H. S.

March 25, 1895.

CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS.

i.

739, 4 Id. April ( = April io.)—Kmg jEdilhard to Fortihere, bishop (of Sherborne). — Grant of land for the foundation of Crediton monastery, co. Devon.

^ IN NOMINE DNI NRI IHU XPI SALUATORIS. Oma qu£ uidentur secundum aplm temporalia sunt . & qu£ non uidentur aeterna sunt. Idcirco terrenis ac caducis rebus perpetua & mansura do patro- cinium prestante mercanda sunt. Quam ob rem ego AETHELHARDUS rex aliquam terram ad construendum monasterium id est .XX. cassatos 5 in loco ubi dicitur CRIDIE pontifici nro forthhero ppetualiter impendere curaui cum commoditatibus cunctis in ea consistentibus . han[c]q; donatione coram idoneis testibus corroboraui . ut nemo sine piculo anime; sue; infringere ualeat . quod coram tarn egregiis consiliariis pactum est. Territoria autem h^c sunt. ^Erest of cridian brycge on herpaS . i0 andlanges herpaiSes on sulhford to exan . }>onne andlang eaxan ocS focgan igeiSas . of focgan igeiSum on landsceare hricg . of landsceare hricge on luhan treow . of luhan treowe on hagan get . of hagan gate on doddan hrycg . of doddan hrycge on grendeles pyt . of grendeles pytte on ifigbearo . of ifigbeara on hrucgan cumbes ford . of hrucgan 15 cumbes forda on fearnburh . of fearnbyrig on earnes hricg . of earnes hrycge on wealdan cumbes ford . of weald an cumbe on tettan burnan . of tettan burnan up on stream oft lyllan broc . of lyllan broce on middel- hrycg . of middelhrycge on herepaftford . of herepaftforda on cyrtlan geat . of cyrtlan gate on suran apuldre . of suran apuldran on grenan 20

2 CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS.

weg . of grenan wege on wulfpyt . of wulfpytte on stream oiS J?a laca tolycga]? . J?onne up on hrycg myddeweardne andlang hrycges o$ fone pa$ . of J?am pa$e sceaftrihte on air suft ofer on hlypan . of hlypan on byrccumbes heafod . of byrccumbes heafode on hanan forda . j?anon on

25 bradan aesc . of bradan sesce on foxcumbes heafod . J?anon on Stanford on eowan . of stanforda on arlscagan . of alrscagan on eorSgeberst . J?anon on grenan dune . of grenan dune on herepaft on puttan stapul . J>anon on beornwunne treow . J?anon on bucgan ford . of bucgan forda on brunwoldes treow . J?anon on aesccumb . for! on won broc . ylanges

3° streames on teng upon stream on teng o"3 paftford . J?anon on francan cumb of fran[can] cumbe on drosncubes heafod . J?anon on deormere . of deormere on langan stan . )?anon on hurran cumbes heafod . of hurran cumbes heafde on riscford on nimed . )?anon on healre dunae . of healre dune on waernan faesten . f»anon on cyddan ford . of cyddan

35 forda on caefcan graefan . j?anon on caines aecer . of caines aecere on wulfcumbes heafod . ];anon on stanbeorg . of stanbeorge on caerswille . of caerswille on diftford . j?anon on dices get . of dices gate on unnan beorh . J?anon on swincumb . of swincumbe on egesan treow.

On nymed oi$ doflisc up o$ wrSigslaed . of wyfigslade on eahta

40 aec . j>anon on hafoccumb . of hafoccumbe on hagan get . ]?anon ut on hlypan . J?anon on beonnan ford on crydian . |?onne on stream o3 hafoccumb . )?onne on hagan get . );onne on $one ealdan herepaiS oiS ]?a eastran crydian . }?onne andlang streames to cridian brycge.

Huic autem terr§ hanc libertatem augebo & firmiter constituo . ut

45 omium causarum fiscaliu . & rerum regalium ac seculariu operum sit inmunis . sempiternaliterq; secura . nisi tantum expeditionaliu rerum. Qui augeat augeantur bona illius . & qui minuat seu transmutet . con- uertatur gaudium illius in luctum . p^nasq; infernales perpetualiter luat. Acta est autem he;c donatio anno ab incarnatione dni nfi ihu xpi

BO DCCXXXVIIII . Indictione VII . die . III! . iduum aprilium :-*-

•f Signum manus ADILHARDI regis.

4- Signum manus cuthredi.

+ Signum manus frythogythe^

+ Ego danihel eps canonice subscripsi.

55 + Ego forthhere ops consensi & subscripsi.

26. arlscagan] so in MS. The / of the following alrsc- is altered from r.

CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS. 3

-f Signum manus hercfrythi prefccti. + Signu manus duddi abbatis. + Signu manus ecgfrithi pfecti. + Signu manus puttoc pfecti. Endorsed in same hand : boc .XX. hyda to crydian. 60

in a iith cent, hand: arSelardi Reg. de .XX. hidis de cridia. „ in a \<\th cent, hand : vt Criditonia.

II.

Boundaries of above land.

3* pis sint )?a landgemaero cridian landes . aerest of cridian brycge on herepaj? andlang herepa}>es on sulhford to eaxan . ]?on andlang eaxan of> focgan igej?as . of focgan igefum on landscare hrycg . of landscare hrycge on luhan treow . of luhan treovve on hagan get . of hagavn' gate on doddan hrycg . of doddan hrycge on grendeles pyt . of grendeles 5 pytte on ifigbearo . of ifigbeara on hrucgan cumbes ford . of hrucgan cumbes forda on fearnburg . of fearnbyrig on earnes hrycg . of earnes hrycge on wealdan cumbes ford . of wealdan cube on tettan burnan . of tettan burnan up on strea 0)7 lillan broc . of lillan broce on middel- hrycg . of middelhryge on herepaftford . of herepaflforda on cyrtlan geat . 10 of cyrtlan gate on suran apuldre . of suran apuldran on grenan weg . of grenan wege on wulfpyt . of wulfpytte on stream oj? J?a laca tolicgaf . J?on up on hrycg middeweardne ylang hrycges of> ]?one pa)? . of faem pa]?e sceaftrihte on air suj? ofer on hlypan . of hlypan on byrccumbes heafod . of byrccumbes heafde on hanan ford . fanon [on] bradan sesc . 15 of bradan aesce on foxcumbes heafod . J>anon on Stanford on eowan . of stanforda on alrscagan . of alrscagan on eor);geberst . fanon on grenan dune . of grenan dune on herepaj? on puttan stapul . ]?anon on beorV- wynne treow . of beorVwynne treowe on Stanford on eowan . ]?anon on bucgan ford . of bucgan forda on brunwoldes treow . J?anon on aisccumb . 20 of aesccumbe on won broc ylanges streames on teng . up on stream on teng o}> paj^ford . J?anon on francan cumb . of francan cumbe on drosn- cumbes heafod . ]?anon on deormere . of dcormere on langan stan . on hurran cumbes heafod . of hurran cumbes heafde on riscford

10. -hrygc~\ so in MS

4 CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS.

25 on nymed . }>anon on healre dune . of healre dune on waernan fsesten . ]?anon on ciddan ford . of ciddan forda on caefcan graefan . fanon on caines aecer . of caines aecere on wulfcumbes heafod . J?anon on stan- beorg . of stanbeorge on caerswille . of caerswille on dySford . fanon on dices get . of dices gate on unnan beorg . J?anon on swincumb . of

30 swincumbe on egesan treow . J>anon on riscbroc mid streame of> scipbroc . on scipbroc mid streame 0)7 nymed . On nymed mid streame o]? doflisc . of doflisc up on stream Q\ wij?igslaed . of wi]?igslade on eahta sec . J?anon on hafoccumb . of hafoccumbe on hagan get . J?anon ut on hlypan . fanon on beonnan ford on cridian . J?onne on stream of>

35 hafoccumb . ]?on on hagan geat . ]7Ofi on J?one ealdan herepa]? oj> j?a easteran cridian . J?on ylang streames to cridian brycge ;

Endorsed in contemporary hand : Cridian landes Ian [dgemaero]. „ „ late i$tk cent, hand : Cridiam land ys land ^emere. ,, „ late I4tk cent, hand: Cridiam londes land ^emere . Anglpce], ^

III.

Late fifteenth century version of boundaries of No. /. Cridyton.

Fyrst fram Crydian brugge to herpaj? and ewn langys herpath to Sulford vto' Exe and fan ewn lang Exe anonto fogan flodys fram fogan flode to landsceare rygge fram landscear rygge to luhan tre . fram luantre luhan tre to hagan yate fram hagan yeate to doddan

5 rygge fram doddan rygge to gryndelys pytte fram gryndelys pytte to yfigbearo fram yfigbeara to herl hurgan cumbes ford fram hurgan cumbes ford to fearnburgh fram fearnburgh to yearnys rygge fram yearnys rugge to Weldecomys rugge forde fro Weldecome to Tettanburna fram Tettanburna vp by the stream to lyllan broke and

10 fram lyllan broke to myddelrugge fram myddelrugge to herpaj? ford fram herpa]? ford to Kyrtelane yeate fram Kyrtelane yeate to Suran apuldre fram Suran apuldre to grene way fram grene way to Wolfpytte fram Wolfpytte by J?e streame )?at fe lake tolythe Than vp on the rugge mydway langryggys anon to J?e pa]? fram J?e paj> ewnryght south

4. luantre'} cancelled. 6. fieri} cancelled.

8. Second rugge cancelled.

CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS. 5

wardys ouerto lypan fram lypan to brygcombes heauyd fram bryg- 15 combys heauyd to hanonford fram thans to bradanaysch fram Brad- anaysch to foxecombys heade fram thans to Stanford on ewyn fram Stanford to Arlschag fram Arlschag to yeor)?berst fram that to grene downe fram grene downe to herpaj? on puttanstapyl fram thens to bernwone tree fram thens to bugganford fram Bugganford to Brym- 20 woldys tree fram thens to Aysch'comb' fram thens to Wonbroke ewne langes stremys of Teynge and apon the stream on Teynge anon to PaJ>ford fram thens to Fra[n]cancumbe fram Francancumbe to Dros- comvb'yshede fram thens to Deremere fram Deremere to langestone fram thens to Hurrancombysheade fram Hurrancombysheade to ryschforde 25 on nimed fram thens to Alre down fram alre downe to warnan fasten fram thans to Kyddanford fram Kyddanford to cafcan grefa fram thens to Kaynys aker fram Kaynys aker to Wolfcombysheade fram thans to Stansbrygg fram Stanbrugge to Carswyll fram Carswyll to Dyfford fram thens to Dychys yeate fram Dychys yeate to Vnnan burgh fram 30 thens to Swyncomb fram Swyncomb to egesan tree fram nymed to Doflysch vp anonto f>e Wydeslade fram J?e Wydeslade to viii. oke fram thens to Haffoccomb fram Haffoccomb to hagon yeate fram thens out to lypan fram thens to beannanford on crydyan }>an by J?e stream anon to Haffoccomb ]?anne to hagan yeate ]?an to J?e olde herpaj? anon 35 to J?e yester crydyan fan ewnlang ]?e stremys to Crydyan brugge.

IV.

930, III. Kal. Mail (= April 29).— King dfcdelstan to Eadulf, bishop (of Crediton) and the monastery at Crediton. — Grant of three hides at Sandford, near Crediton, co. Devon.

[1018].— Endorsed with note of grant by EadnoV, bishop (of Crediton), to Beorhtnod of a yardland at Creedy for his lifetime, in con- sideration of 30 gold mancuses lent to the bishop for the redemption of his land (from the Danegeld?}.

*fc Regnante perpetualiter atque omnem humane^ inbecillitatis

sensum . benignitate transce[n]dente . largifltia tonantis iduma . que

33. Second Hrtffoaomb altered from llaffac.

6 CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS.

mirando in^ffabiliq; pprii arbitrii priuilegio . alta media infima . iusta inuicte fortitudinis lance trutinata gubernat . et ea que infra sunt . non 5 motata sed sempiternaliter manenti elucubratione uokmtatis . inestimab- iliter luce inaccessibili rimatur . que massam humane conditionis generalem . olim fraude falsitatis decoeptam . patria naturalis sinceritatis pulsam . merito piaculi heu pro dolor commissi iust£ trusam . cyro- graphum e^erne seruitutis seu damnationis subituram , temporibus

10 labilis uite uoluentibus nouissimis . precepto pantacratoris miseri- coYditer reformauit . cuiusque foedata flumine ^ternarum lacrimarum timpora . orario adsumpte mortalitatis tergens , earn dolores cruciatusq; sempiternos euadentem . ad optabilia ^ternorum gaudiorum deduxit limina . quorum atria . pars eiusdem recuperate masse . terreni incolatus

15 ejumnas . operibus examinatis transuolans . inter caVdentia beatorum angelorum agmina . feliciter exultando congaudet . altero uero aliena gemende peregrinationis diuturnitate exulans . splendida mentis adhuc nutantibus regione orbatur . Huius siquidem exose peregrinationis merore pressus . gaudio longeue beatitudinis illectus . ad demenda scele-

20 rum commissorum peccamina . et ad nanciscendam iam antefat^ glori§ coronam . ego aethelstanus rex anglorum . anno dominice incarnationis .DCCCC . XXX . regni uero gratis mihi commisi . v°l . indictione . Ill . epacta . .XVlil . concurrente Jill, kalendis maii tertiis . luna rotigere uagationis .xaxvi. per eiusdem omni patrantis dexteram . totius brytt-

25 annie^ regni solYo sublimatus . quandam mihi ab ea telluris particulam . mirabiliter concessam me[o fijdeli episcopo eadulfo . id esttrium cassat- arum . in loco quern solicole; aet sandforda uocitant . que sub episcopali dicione fuit . sed tamen mihi census iniquorum actuum prius reddebatur. famili^q; aet cridiantune tribuo . ut ilia earn sine expeditionis pfectione .

30 arcis pontis constructione . omniq; regaliu uel seculariu tributorum seruitutis exactione . liberaliter ac eternaliter in perpetuu habeat . si autem quod absit . feruente tumide superbi^ cocabo . aliqui ex familia . quod libet iniquitatis facinus commisserint r Hoc in eis iudicialiter atque regulariter uindicetur . predictus agellus in sua stabilitate . semper

35 fratribus ad mensam . qui in antefato ergasterio r .do . ^clesi^ . domno prelato . humiliter fideliterq; obtemperare uoluerint . firmus et in-

6. inaccessibili} the second i altered from 16. altero} for altera.

another letter. 19—20. scelerum] u on erasure.

10. pantacratoris} alt. from pantacreatoris. 27. After que a letter has been erased.

15. transuolans} two letters erased before u $2, cocubo\ for cacabo.

CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS. 7

auferabilis pduret . nee habeant fratres licentiam . ilium foras dandi . regi . episcopo . uel cuilibet homini . nisi alium maiorem atq; meliorem . £ eius uicissitudinis commotatione . alia similiter cum cartula . perpetua- liter hereditaria recipiant . tellus siquidem predicta . his terminis circum- 40 cincta clarescit . aerest of fintes leage west on herepaf of holan cumbes heafod . nor)? fanon on die . sceaftryht on cuddan cnoll easteweardne . f aer west on herepaf of fornisces weg . on fornisces weg f on norS on scipbroc . up on stream oiS herepaf . fon sceaftryht o$ lilies forda . f onne on cealdan hlinc westeweardne . fon on wyrtrum of cealdan hlinc 45 easteweardne . on wyrtrum fon git nor$ of brocheardes hamm . fon of dune on hagan on bromleage nifewearde . fon sceaftryht of pideres leage . fon sceaftryht of hlosleage niofewearde . fon on stream of fileSleage . nor]? on herepaf of Selbrycge . fon up on stream of aesculfes weorSig . nor$ fanon sceaftryht oj? efes . )?onne on wyrtrum o)> lucan 50

on stream . of dune on cridian

weorSig . nora on hagan oj? cynefer^es broc . }>on of dune . of cridian . of J?one broc J?e scyt from filei51eage . up on stream 0)7 Stanford . suj? )?onne on wyrtrum o]? henne stigele eastewearde . J?onne sceaftryht of hroces ford . fon on weardsetl su"8 fonne on wyrtrum of fintes leag[e .] Si uero quod non optamus . aliquis pteruie^ atque arroganti^ flammiuoma administrante . 55 inuidia . afflatis spu . euenerit . [qui] hanc me$ compositionis ac confirma- tionis breuiculam . demere infringere . ad nihilum deducere temptauerit r sciat se nouissima ac magna examinationis die . tuba perstrepente archangeli . bustis sponte dehiscentibus . somata diu fessa amittentibus . elimentis omnium creaturarum pauefactis . cum iuda .pditore . qui a 60 satoris pio sato . films pditionis dicitur . eterna confusione . edacibus innumerabilium tormentorum flammis . perituru; huius namq; a do dnoq ; ihu xpo . inspirate atq; inuente uoluntatis r scedula . in uilla omnib; notissima que cyppan hamm nuncupatur . episcopis , abbatib; ducib; patri^ pcuratoribus . regia dapsilitate ouantib; . uirgineo aterrimi 65 lacrimas liquoris forcipe . in planitiem tetragoni campuli albentem . destillante pscripta est . cuius etiam inconcusse firmitatis soliditas . hivs' testib; roborata constat . quorum nomina subtus caracterib; depicta annotantur :-»-

51-52. of cridian . of pone broc is written, 56. \qui\ omitted in MS.

by the same hand as the rest of the charter, on 61. MS. pditilionis ; over the second ti arc

an erasure. dots indicating deletion.

56. ajflatis} for aj/latus.

8 CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS.

70 + Ego aethelstanus singularis priuilegii monarchia pr^ditus rex .

huius indiculi firmitatem . cum signo see sempq; amande crucis . corrob- oraui et subscripsi ;

+ Ego wulfhelmus dorobernensis eccte archiepiscopus . consensi et subscripsi ; -f- Ego hroftwardus eboracensis eccte eps. os et subs. 75 + Ego aelfwine eps consensi et subscripsi.

+ Ego eadulf episc cons et subs, •f Ego sighelm episc cons et subs. + Ego selfheah episc cons et subs. + Ego oda episc cons et subs. 80 + Ego cenwald episc cons et subs. + Ego eadgaer episc cons et subs. + Ego cyneferS episc cons et subs. + Ego frij?estan episc cons et subs. + Ego )7eodred episc cons et subs. 85 + Ego eadweard episc cons et subs.

[Col. 2.]

+ Ego osferS dux cons et subs.

-f Ego selfwald dux cons et subs.

+ Ego aescbriht dux cons et subs.

+ Ego aelfstan dux cons et subs. 90 + Ego uhtred dux cons et subs.

+ Ego styrcaer dux cons et subs.

+ Ego guj?rum dux cons et subs.

4- Ego Jmrferft dux cons et subs.

+ Ego fraena dux cons et subs. 95 + Ego grim dux cons et subs.

[Col. 3-]

+ Ego odda minister cons et subs. + Ego buga mm cons et subs. + Ego wulfgaer mm cons et subs. + Ego sigered mm cons et subs. ioo -f Ego wulfhelm mm cons et subs.

+ Ego aelfheah mm cons et subs. + Ego aej^elstan mm cons et subs. + Ego 3e]?elhelm mm cons et subs.

CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS. 9

+ Ego wulfgar mm cons et subs. 4 Ego aefelstan mm cons et subs.

[Col. 4.]

4 Ego selfred mm cons et subs.

+ Ego eadric mm cons et subs.

+ Ego ae]?elweard mm cons et subs.

4 Ego wulfmser mm cons et subs.

4 Ego wulfno}? mm cons et subs. 1IO

4 Ego aefelhelm mm cons et subs.

4 Ego aelfred mm cons et subs.

4 Ego wihtgar mm cons et subs.

4 Ego eadric mm cons et subs.

4 Ego wulfsige mm cons et subs. 1I

Endorsed in hand of ntk cent.: >J« In nomine dni nfi iftu xpi. Ic eadnoft bisceop cySe on ]?isson gewriton . -p ic onborgede .XXX. mancsa goldes be leadgewihte to minre landhreddinge aet beorh- no$e. 7 ic gesealde hym ane gyrde landes to underwedde be cridian to }>am forewerdon. ^ he haebbe his daeg. 7 ofer his daeg becwe^e J?one 120 sceat ]?am ]?e him leofost beo ]?e on ]?am lande stent. Dis sind J>a landgemsero fsere gyrde be cridian. ^Erest on sceocabroces ford. f>onne east on herpa^ on )?one lytlan garan easteweardne . su$ on ]?a deadan lace on cridian. up ongean stream on J?one aenlypan aecer. J?onne east on herpa"S eft on sceocabroces ford. Kisses ys to gewit- 125 nisse. cnut cyning. 7 vvulstan arcebisceop 7 lifing arcebisceop. 7 birht- wold bisceop 7 eadnoiS bisceop. 7 burewold bisceop. 7 se^elwine , bisceop 7 birihtwine bisceop. 7 se^elwerd ealdorman. 7 a'Selwold abbud. 7 call se hired on exan cestre 7 se hired on cridian tune . 7 J?is cydde se bisceop ]?am burhwiton on exan ceastre 7 to tottanesse. 7 to 130 hlidaforda 7 to beardastapole . Pax sit hoc seruantibus & infernus sit hoc frangentibus.

Endorsed in early 14^ cent, hand : Carta Regis Etllthelstan de Est Samford in diebus eaddulfi episcopi huius loci sub anno domini DCCCC vnongentesi[mo]' xxxmo apud Chippenham confecta. J35

126. The first arcebisceop on an erasure. 127. The first bisceop on an erasure.

jo CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS.

V.

957, VII. Id. Maii (=May 9). — King Eadwig to Archbishop Oda [of Canterbury]. — Grant of land ' cet Helig?

IN NOMINE DNI NRI IHV XPI. Diuina gratia largiente et original! prosapia ante cessorum meorum .... EADWIG . rex totius brittannie^ fidelissimo meo archi episcopo meoq: patrono toto mentis affectu cum consensu meorum obtimatum .XL. 'MANSAS . perpetualiter 5 concedo . ODONO . vbi ab antiquis ruricolis uocatum est . JET HELIG - Quatinus possideat et cuicumq; uoluerit heredi derelinquat in aeterna POSSESSIONE . sit uero hoc rus pr§ dictum absolutum ab omni mundiali obstaculo exceptis his tribus que omnib; communia sunt ID EST EXPEDIT- IONIS ET ARCIS PONTISUE CONSTRUCTIONE ILEC DONATIO FACTA Jo EST ANNO DNICE INCARNATIONIS DCCCCLVII INDICTIONE XV. regni mei SECUNDO in uilla q; dicitr EeAN DVN .VII. IDVS MAI . coram IDONEIS TESTIB; quorum nomina infra collecta sunt . Siquis If augere uoluerit tribuat illi ds in hoc scto uitam longeuam et in futuro sempit- ernam . SiN aute minuere satagerit nfam liberam largitione sit sotius 15 eorum quibus dicet ^QUISSIMUS libripens in die iudicii ite maledicti in ignem seternum . qui pre paratus EST DIABOLO et angelis eius . si non hi'c prius emendare maluerit.

+ Ego Eadwig rex anglorum cum consensu doctorum meorum con signo see; cfucis roboraui. so + Ego Eadgar eiusdem regis frater consensi celeriter.

4- Ego Oda archi episcopus dorouernsis aeccle/sie^ xpi possedi et subscripsi.

+ Ego selfsinus pr^sul sigillum agi$ cfucis impressi. + Ego byrhtelm eps confirmaui. 25 + Ego cenwald eps consignaui.

+ Ego oscytel eps conroboraui. + Ego osulf eps adquieui. + Ego byrhtelm eps non rennui.

3. After meorum a hole in the MS. 6. The i of uolnerit covered in repairing MS.

19. con~\ for cum.

+ Ego alfwold eps + Ego wulfsige eps -f Ego ajwlf eps + Ego cynesige eps

CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS.

[Col. 2.]

II

+ Ego daniel

eps

•

4- aeftelstan

dvx

+ eadmund

dvx

+ aelfhere

dvx

•f ae)?elsige

dvx

+ aej?elwold

dvx

+ byrhtno^

dvx

+ aelfheah

mis

+ aelfsige

mis

+ aelfred

mis

+ 32]?elgeard

mis

+ aelfsige

mis

-f ae]?elferJ7

mis

+ selfwine

mis

+ aelfric

mis

+ aelfgar

mis

+ byrhtferj?

mis

+ wulfgar

mis

+ wulfstan

mis

t.

+ aslfweard

mis

t.

+ wynsige

mis

f.

-I- wulfric

mis

t.

+ aelfsige

mis

f.

+ eadric

mis

t.

+ alfwold

mis

f.

[Col. 3.]

[Col. 4.]

[Col. 5.]

45

[Col. 6.]

5°

55

Endorsed in same hand : ^ Jns is J^aes landes hoc aet helig $ eadwig cing gebocode odan arcebiscope on $ce yrfe.

Endorsed in somewhat later btit pre-conquest hand: De EiSandune. Endorsed in late \$th cent, hand : Eadredus.

C 2

12 CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS.

VI.

969, Id. Mail ( — May 15). — King Eadgar to the monastery of Torneie (i. e. Westminster). — Confirmation of lands and liberties , reciting bull of Pope John.

Regnante dno nro ihu xpo inppetuu. • J\ ',(*)• EGO EADGARVS dei gra anglo^ rex r omib9 epis . abbatib9 . comitib9 . uice- comitib9 . centenarns . ceterisq; agentibus nostris . pr^sentibus scilicet et futris r salutem. Dignu et conueniens est dementi^ 5 pncipali inter c<^teras actiones illud quod ad salutem anime^ per- tinet . et quod <p diuino amore postulatr . pio auditu suscipere . et studiose ad effectum perducere . quatinus de caducis rebus presentis s^culi que; nunquam sine inquinamento et erumpna possidentur . peccat- orum emundatio . et uite; e^erne s^curitas adquiratur r iuxta preceptum

10 dni dicentis . date elemosinam r et omia munda sunt uobis . Ergo dando elemosinam iuxta hoc ipsius dictum . oportet nos mercari peccat- orum nostrorum emundationem . ut du ^cctiis xpi imptimr . cgrua beneficia . et iustas bono^ uiro^i petitiones efficacit audim9 r retrib- utore dm ex hoc hafoe mereamr . IGITVR postqam dono dei et pafna

15 successione in regnu anglo^ intronizat9 7 cfirmat9 fui . ubi uidi ^cctas dei tarn peccatis exigentib9 qam crebris barbaroru irruptionib9 dirutas . . et maxime^ scam et aptica uita id . e . monachicu ordine p orris regni mei fpuincias fundit9 deperisse r grauif dolens . et consilium a sco spu accipiens . DVNSTANO archiepo . et aj?elwoldo wintoniensi epo . hoc

20 negotium indixi . ut omia monasteria que intra tminu toti9 angli<^ sita st supa uel infra circuirent ac reedificarent . et possessiones que ad fiscu redacte erant de ipsis monasteries . uel ab aliis sctarib9 potestatib9 puas^ . ubicunq; chartis uel testimonies recognoscerent r mea auctori- tate freti r ad integru restituerent . Et tanqam dicente m dno a capite

25 incipe r inpmis ecctam domni et specialis patroni ac ptectoris nri Petri . que sita . e . in loco fribili q ab incolis Torneie nuncupatr ab occidente scilicet urbis Lundoni^ . qu^ olim id . e . dnice incarnationis anno .DC. IIII. beati ^Edelberti hortatu pmi anglo^ regis xpiani . destructo p9

i. R of Regnante, A and H in red, with traces of gilding. 14. /of Igiliir in red, with traces of gilding.

CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS. 13

"ibidem" abhominationis templo regu pagano^ . a saeberhto prediuite qda subregulo lundoniensi nep6te uidelicet ipsi9 regis constructa . e r 7 3° n ab alio sed ab ipso sco Petro apto$. £cicipe in suu ipsi9 pfm honore dedicata . dehinc ab Offa et Kenulfo regib9 cejeberrimis possessionu priuilegii's et uariis ornamto^ specieb9 uehemter fuerat ditata r et in qa sedes regia . et locus etia consecrationis regum antiquit9 erat r hanc pcepi ut studiosi9 restruerent . 7 oms possessiones ei9 readunarent r 35 7 ipse de meis indominicatis tris- aliqanta addidi . 7 carthis atq; legitimis testib9 corroboraui . Deinde succedente tepore concilio habito intra ipsa basilica psidente me cu filio meo EADWARDO . 7 code archiepo uenerabili DuNSTANO - 7 uniuersis epis . et baronib9 meis . s^cut9 exemplu maioru meo^ renouaui . addidi . 7 corroboraui carthas 7 40 jbuilegia ei9de loci . 7 ad apticam sede legenda et cfirmanda tansmisi r atq; legitima ccessione in he modu astipulata recepi. JOHANNES eps . urbis rome seruu9 seruo^ dei . domno excellentissimo EADGARO filio suo regi anglo^ salute . 7 aptica benedictione. Quia literis tuf celsit- udinis fill kme nobis innotuisti de monasterio sci Petri specialis pat°ni 45 tui . q°d ab antiqs anglie regib9 a potestate lundonic^ sedis epi cu csilio pontificu ei9de patrie^ fuerit ereptu r 7 ab hinc sub regimin^ regu uel clarissimo^ abbatu sep dispositu . 7 postulasti a nobis ut pkiilegiu epo^i de eodem monasterio factu . nro puilegio immo magis apto^ pncipis roborarem9 auctoritate r libentissime scdm tu^ beniuolenti^ petitione 5° facim9. Auctoritate siqde beati Petri apto^t pjncipis q1 potestate ligandi atq; soluendi a dno accepit . cui9q; nos uicarn existim9 r stabilim9 . ut ipse loc9 regu pceptis et f)uilegns apticis fult9 . p omia tepora sine repetione cui9cunq; lundonic^ urbis epi . aut alicui9 iudiciari^ potestatis . uel cui9cuq; prepotentis hominis . cui9q; ordinis r uel dignitatis sit r 55 sed semp sicut poptat et expetit beniuolentia tua rat9 futro tepore pmaneat . Venerabiles igitr ei9de loci fres ^ idoneos ex se ^ uel ex qua uoluerint cgregatione abbes siue decanos sibi p successiones eligendi . ex auctoritate h9 see; romane^ sedis et nra . sic postulasti amplius habeant potestatem . et ne impediantr r aptica auctoritate phibemus . neq; 60 p uiolentia extanea psona intducatr . n qam omis ccors cgregatio elegerit . Pretea illi loco qcqd ctuleris . uel collatu . e. ut cferetr . diuina 7 nra

31. pcicipe} so in MS. 51. A of Auctoritate in red, with traces of

42. / of Johannes in red, with traces of gilding.

gilding. 54- repelione\ for n'pclitioiie.

43. scntu^"] so in MS.

14 CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS.

auctoritate roboram9 r puilegia u possession^ et dignitatu kfhi fris nri uenerabilis DUNSTANI alio^q; fideliu ibide indulta . necn et

65 puilegia ura ad honore dei ptinentia q ibi instituere uolueris gatanti affectu annuim9 . cfirmam9 . 7 cfirmando inppetuu rata Tuiolataq; stare decernim9 . 7 Ifractores eo$. r setna maledictione dapnam9 . Obseru- atores au h9 firmitatis r gram 7 miscdia a dno cseq1 mereantr . Causa g infractionis nri puilegii r ad posteros nros pueniat. Datr rauenne r

70 fx. kl. febf. Cognoscat g magnitude seu utilitas ura qm decnim9 7 inppetuo mansuru iubem9 . atq; cstituim9 r ut <p reuerentia reliqaru gtosissimi apti Petri . 7 p qete monacho^ ibide do famulantiu honor . 7 laus eide ?cct^ habeat1' 7 observetr r id . e . ut qsqs fugitiuo^i p qltbet scelere ad pfata basilica beati apti fugiens pcinctu ei9 intauerit . siue pedes .

75 siue eques . siue de curia regali . siue de ciuitate . seu de uilla . sen cui9cuq; cditionis sit r qcuq; delicto facinoris cta nos •" uel succedentes reges anglo^ uel cta aliu quelibet fidele . see §ccte; di forisfact9 sit r relaxetr . 7 lit»etr . 7 uita atq; mbra absq; ulla ctadictione optineat . Pr^tea intminamr diuvi'na auctoritate 7 nra . ut neq; nos . neq; sue- So cessores nri . neq; qlibet eps . uel archieps . nee qcuq; de iudiciaria potestate in ipsa scam basilica ^ uel immanentes in ipsa . ut in h5es q cu sua substantia ut reb9 ad ipsam tadere " uel deuouere se uoluerint r nisi p uoluntate abbis 7 suo^c monacho^ ulla unqam habat potestate . sed sit h^c sea mat ^ccta p^culiaris patni nri beati Petri apti «• liba . 7 absoluta

85 ab oi inuasione ut in^etudine oium hominu cui9cuq; ordinis r uel potest- atis .ee. uideant1' . In manria u ut curtes pfat^ basilic^ ubi 7 ubi 1 qascuq; regiones ut pagos I regno nf o ~ qcqd a die psenti ipsu monasteriu possid- ere 7 dnari uidetr . ut qd a dm timentib9 hoib9 p legitima cartharu Istrumta ibide fuit ccessu . ut I antea erTt additu ut delegatu , nee ad

90 c: usas audiendu . nee ad fideiussores tollendos . nee ad freda ut bannos exigendu . 7 ad mansiones ut paratas faciendu . nee ullas redibitiones reqrendu r infra immunitate sci Petri ingredi ut re^rere qq tepore psumu: :r sed qcqd exinde fiscus nf exauctare potat r oia 7 ex oib9 p mercedis n?e_ augmto . sub itega 7 firmissima immunitate ccedim9

95 ad ipm scm locu . 7 inppetuo cfirmam9 . Concede etia 7 cfirmo oms libtates 7 donatioes traru Q a pdictis regib9 seu aliis sic legitr I antiq telligapho libtatis ante me donate st r scit . hame . pinintune . mordune .

70. C of Cognoscat in red, with traces of 93. psu/nu::1"] the letters after inn worn giving. away.

90. a of c\a\usas worn away by fold.

CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS. 15

fentune . aldenha . bleccenha . loj?ereslege . qas tarn uenabit DvNSTAN9 a me una cu pdicto loco emerat . necn 7 libtates atq; emptiones qas ide DVNSTAN9 me ccedente ab optimatib9 meis meat9 .e. 7 qas etia cora 100 legitimis testib9 sigillo suo 7 anulo epali ibide I usu frm pfat? eccte; I ppetua pst'nxit possessioem . Nos itaq; ad laude nois dm 7 ad honore sci Pet . tras Q hie karaxantr ibide donauim9 . holewelle . de.cewrthe . wattune . cillingtune . Hec g supadicta rura cu olb9 ad se ptinentib9 . et cu ce.nobio qd stana uocatr - 7 olb9 sibi ptinentib9 scit . tudintun . 105 halgeford . feltha . ecelesford . pscis teporib9 ad eande phibetr e.cdam sci Pet1 ptinere . sic legitr ut dixim9 I anti^ telligapho libtatis . qam rex offa illi monastic ctulit . qando ecctifs p uniusas regioes anglo^ recup- atiua puilegia a wlfiredo archiepo hortante scribe iussit . §d cenobiu stanense . ia oil regtari monacho^ examine pollebat . pea u hostili no qada expeditioe ffib9 dispsis . soloten9 .e. diruta . Hac itaq; eade libtate pfate; ^cct^ sci pet pncipis aplo^ ccessi . cui loc9 pdict9 . q teplu fuerat dudu apollinis r dl puidentia "nc' mirabilit ab ipso clauigo .e. csecat9 . ac dedicat9 r qatin9 ab 6i sctari sit lib . Ippetuu seruitute. Et ne §s psentiu ut magis futrO£ abiget Q sit ilia libtas qam amabilit 7 firmit 115 ccedo . oimodis cucta illi9 monastii possessio nullis sit unqam gauata honerib9 . nee expeditiois . nee pontis 7 arcis edificamle . nee iuris regalis fragmine . nee furis apphensioe . 7 ut oia simul cophenda r nil debet exsolui . nee regi . nee regis pposito . ut epo . ut duci . ut ulli hoi . sed oia debita exsoluat iugit q I ipsa dnatioe fuerit ad supadictu 120 scm locu . scctm qd ordinauent frs ei9de cenobii . Obsecam9 etia 6s suc- cessores nros reges . 7 pncipes . p scam 7 Idiuidua trinitate . 7 p aduentu i9ti iudicis . ut qm ex munificentia ancesso^ nro^ ipse loc9 uidetr .ee. ditat9r nullus epo^t . ut abbm aut eo^ ordinatores . ut qlibet psona possit qq ordine de loco ipso aliqd auferre . aut aliqam potestate sibi I ipso 125 monasfio usurpare . ut aliqd vqasi' p comutatiois titulu absq; uoluntate ipsi9 cgregatiois ^ ut nrm pmissu minuere . aut calices . aut cruces . seu indumta altaris , ut sac's codices . auru . argentu . ut qalecuq; speciem ibide collata auferre r ut alias deferre psumat . Sed liceat ipsi cgregatioi qd sibi p recta delegatioem collatu .e. ppeti possidere r 7 130 p stabilitate regni nri iugit exorare . qa nos p dl amore 7 reuerentia sci apti 7 adipiscenda uita etna . hoc beneficiu ad locu ipsu fribile 7 scm cu

129. spec7em~\ so in MS.

1 6 CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS.

csilio pontificu 7 ilPtriu uiro^ nro^ pceru gatissimo animo 7 Itega uoluntate

uisi fuim9 prestitisse . eo uidelicet ordine . ut sic tepore pdecesso^ meo^

135 ibide chor9 psallentiu p trmas fuit Istitut5r ita die noctuq; I loco ipso c^le-

bretr . Si au qspia hac nram auctoritate ut immunitate ifringe uoluerit r

7 alios ad hoc cduxerit r un9qsq; j> se ipso libras .V. partib9 sci Pet psol-

uat . 7 ut dictu .e r qcqd exinde fiscus nr ad parte nram spare pofat r

in luminarib9 ^ ut stipendiis monacho^. . seu 7 elemosinas paupu ipsi9

140 monastii phenit p nra oracta ad itegru sit ccessu r atq; Idultu . Et ut

h^c auctoritas nris 7 futris teporib9 circa ipsu scm locu pennit firma 7

luiolata pmaneat r ut p oia tepora illesa c9todiatr atq; cseruetr r 7 ab

olb9 optimatib9 nris 7 iudicib9 publicis 7 puatis meli9 ac certiu9 credatr

man9 nr^ subscptioib9 subt ea decreuim9 roborare . 7 de sigillo nro r

145 iussim9 sigillare.

SIGNVM Hr EADGARI incliti 7 serenissimi anglo^z reg. SlGNV ¥ EADWARDI ei9de reg filii. Signu Th aej^elredi fratris eius.

+ In xpi nole ego DvNSTAN acsi peccator dorobnensis ^cct^ archieps . hac lifotate sc^ crucis agalmate csignaui . ac deinde scdm 150 aptici lofiis pceptu . obseruatores h' libtatis auctoritate qa pfruor a peccatis suis absolui . infractores u ppetl maledixi . n resipiscatr 7 .Ill.b.9 annis a liminibus sc^ ^cct§ sequestrati . penitentia agant. + Ego ospoldus eboracensis archieps. IMPOSVI.

+ Ego elfstan9 lundoniensis ^cct^ eps. ADQVIEVI.

155 + Ego athetyold9 wintoniensis ?cct^ eps. CORROBORAVI.

+ Ego aelfstan9 rofensis ^cct^ eps. SUPPOSVI.

+ Ego aescwius Dor c'censis §cct<£ eps. IMPRESSI.

+ Ego aelfeag9 Licedfeldensis ^cct^ eps. CONSOLIDAVI. + Ego aefelsin9 scireburnensis £cct§ eps. COMMODVM DVXI. 1 60 + Ego pulgar9 piltuniensis ^cct^ eps. CONFIRM AVI.

+ Ego a)wlfus herefordensis ?cct^ eps. OVANTER DIVVLGAVI.

+ Ego ae];elgar9 cisseniensis ^cct^ eps. ADNOTAVI.

+ Ego Sigar9 willensis ^cct^ eps. GAVDENTER CCLVSI.

+ Ego aeluricus cridiensis ^cct^ eps. AMEN DIXI.

165 + Ego Sigar9 aellmhamensis ecct^ eps . CONSIGILLAVI. atq; cu

pscriptis archepis . 7 epis . abbib9 . luminib9 accensis r uiolatores h'

146. S of Signum in both cases and cross in ally gilt.

red, originally gilt. 148-184. Crosses in red, originally gilt.

147. Crosses and S of Signum hired, origin- 155. athcfyo1dus\ for athclfoldiis.

CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS. 17

munificently dignitatis . immo aptici tansgressores h2 decti I ppetuu exconic . n ptitulata penitetia resipiscedo pagat.

[Col. 2.]

-f Ego folcmserus. abb.

+ Ego aelfric. abb. I7o

+ Ego Kineward. abb.

4- Ego osgar. abb.

+ Ego sefelgar. abb.

4- Ego Sideman. abb.

-4- Ego foldbriht. :bb. 175

4- Ego Godwi : : : : b.

4- Ego Leofl : : : abb.

4- Ego Jn'mer. abb.

4- Ego aeldred abbs osensi . 7 rege suisq; pcipientib9 hac *libtatis singapha scrips! . anno diiice learn. D. eccc. LXVIIII. Indict .XII. Id9 180 mai. Anno .XIII. regni reg eadgari.

[Col. 3.]

+ Ego aelfere . dux.

+ Ego Marchere . dux.

+ Ego oslac . dux.

+ Ego byrhtnod . dux. 185

+ Ego osred . dux.

+ Ego foYdwine . dux.

+ Ego friSelaf . dux.

H- Ego senulf . dux.

+ Ego self eg . dux. 19°

[Col. 4.]

+ Ego ]?ured . pbr.

+ Ego leoffa . pbr.

+ Ego Wlstan . pbr.

+ Ego sej?elbeald . pbr. 195

+ Ego Wlfgeat . pbr.

+ Ego beremund . pbr.

1715-177. Hole in MS. I91- blank line-

178. J>lmer\ iorftmer. 192-200. Crosses gilt.

182-190. Small red crosses, not gilt.

18 CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS.

4- Ego ae];elsige . pbr.

•f Ego Wineman . pbr.

200 -f Ego oswardus pbr cu supa dictis . 7 cu aln's !c'. 'vflf. pbris r Ifractores h9 firmitatis excomunic.

[Col. 5.]

Ad ultimu itaq; una cu rege et filii's ei9 . nos os cfrs . 7 coepi . 7 cu tota hac poptosa 7 sea si'nodo . ePde loci os futros abbes . decanos . atq r ppositos ctestamr . uefetia I noe pats . 7 filn . 7 sps sci phibem9 . 205 qatins sacs ill!9 e;ccle; thesauros n distraat . neq; tras . seu reddit9 . ut bnficia I suis ut paretu suo^. usib9 stolide expedat . neq; a seruis di q p illis ibide habetr substatia r subtahendo minuat . Q°dsi aliqs psupserit r illu sic uiolatore atq; tansgssore h9 nri decti imo aptici . an sumu iudice c uenerit sctm iudicare p igne . resp5suru sup hac re inuitam9.

210 SIGNVM , GIS

Endorsed in late iith cent, hand : Edgari.

„ in early i^th cent, hand: Prima carta Regis Edgari de libertatibus et quibusdam possess[ionibus] confirmatr a summis pontif[icibus] lohanne . Paschali . Eugenio .III. bis Alexandro III. et 215 multis aliis.

Endorsed in late i^th cent, hand: Dat. anno Domini D.CCCC.mo LXlXno. Bona. bn . circa medium cum bulla lohannis pape inserta. Endorsed in late \$th cent, hand: Edgarus Rex.

VII.

[980x988.] — Archbishop (Dunstan] to King ^Edelred. — Letter con- cerning certain estates belonging to the diocese of Cornwall.

^ P1'8 gewrit sende)^ se arcebisceop his hlaforde 3e|7elrede cynge . hit gelamp faet westwealas onhofon hi ongean ecgbriht cyng . J?a ferde se cyng ]?yder 7 gewylde hi . 7 geteo)?ude ]?one erd 7 ateh swa him

202. A gilt. 210. Strip of parchment several inches in length cut out.

CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS. 19

fuhte . Sealde fa inn to scireburnan . freo land . polltun . cadlwic . landwif an . 7 faet swa fa stod wintra f rage . of haef ene herias fysne 5 card ofor eodun 7 gesaetun ; pa wear]? ofer tid aefter fan faet lariowas afeollun . 7 ut gewitun of angla lande . for f aere geleafleste f<S him fa onsaege gewearf . 7 stod call westsexena rice .vil. gear buton bisceope . fa sende formosus se papa of rome byrig . 7 gemyngude eadwcard cyng 7 plegmund arcebisceop faet hi faet gebetun . 7 hi swa dydun . 10 mid gefeahte faes papan 7 eall angelcynnes witena . gesettun .V. bisceopas faer aer waerun twegen . anne aet wi[n]tancestre faet waes fry- festan . oferne to hremnes byrig faet waes aefelstan . friddun to scire- burnan faet waes waerstan . feorfan to wyllun . vf aet wses aef elm' . fiftan to cridian tune faet waes eadulf . 7 him mon betaehte fa f reo land on 15 wealan . to innstinge inn to defenun forfam fe hi ser fam . unhyrsume waerun buton westsexena ege . 7 eadulf bisceop fyssa landa breac his lifes tida . aefelgar bis aefter him eall swa . fa gelamp hit "j? aef estan cing v sealde cunune bisceoprice ealswa tamur scaet ' . pa gelamp f aet eadraed cyng het hadian daniel 7 betaehte fa land swa him witan 20 raeddun . inn to see; germane to fam bisceopstole . aefter fam fa eadgar cyng me het . faet ic wulfsige hadude . fa cwaef he* . 7 ealle ure bisceopas . faet hi nystun hwa rihtlucur fa land ahte f onne f aere scire bisceop . fa he innhold waes . 7 godes geleafan on riht bodude . 7 his hlaford lufude . gyf f onne f es bisceop nu swa def . ic nat hwy he ne sy . 25 fara landa wyrf e . gyf him heora god ann . 7 ure hlaford for fan us ne f ing -p hi aenig man rihtlicor age f onne he 7 gif hi aenig man him to teo haebbe hi butan godes bletsunge 7 ure.

VIII.

998. _ King dLdelred to Ealdorman Leofwlne. — Grant of land at Sontham, Ladbroke, and Radburn, co. Warwick.

IN nomine dl excelsi qui quadrifida mundi moderamina moder- ando gubernat Nobis ergo karissimi in xpo illius egregii predicatoris

I * hremnes'] altered from hre mines. 19- sealtte—scaf] above the line by same hand

14 Txet w<cs alelm\ in a different hand. that wrote > gelamp, etc. in line 18.

17] eadulf} written on an eiasure. 26-28. for pan—ure~\ added in same hand as

1 8-19. Jxtgelamp HUfetJtestan cing\ written pa gelamp— sad. in a third hand on an erasure.

D 2

20 CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS.

sententia diligenter consideranda est frs nihil intulimus in hunc mundu ueru nee auferri quid possumus . Sed sicut ilia generalis mater de qua 5 dicitur . terra es et in terra ibis . nos nudos ueraciter procreauit . Sic iterum nos nudos excipere debet . nisi aliquis diuino inpunctus amore ad hoc idoneus sit ut adeptas res . pro omnipotenti do et expiatione peccaminum . suorum pauperibus et dl seruis . beniuola mente . distrib- uere uoluerit et suum thesaurum thesaurizare in altis caeloru culmini-

10 bus. Hinc ego .^EfELRED. altithrono amminiculante anglorum cetera - ruque gentiu in circuitu triuiatim persistentiu basileus aliqua terre particulam ad donandum curaui leofwino meo fidelissimo duce id est .VII. tributarioru et dimidium non tamen in uno loco sed in tribus uillulis in sufham .III. mansas et in hlodbroce hreodburnanque Jin.

15 manentes et inter illos dimidium unius manse ut habeat et perfruat cu omnibus bonis ad illam terram rite pertinentibus in perpetuam hereditate et quamdiu lux fulgebit super terra et hanc donatione dabo cu omni libertate nisi arcis et pontis instructione et expeditione et ab homnibus aliis notis ignotisque causis perpetualiter in libertatem compono. Si quis

20 uero tam epylempticus phyrargirie seductus amentia qd non optamus hanc nfe munificentiae dapsilitate ausu temerario infringere temptau- erit . sit ipse alienatus a consortio see dl aeclesie necnon et a participat- ione sacrosci corporis et sanguinis ihu xpi filii dl per quern totus terraru orbis ab antiquo humani generis inimico liberatus est . et cum

25 iuda xpi proditore sinistra in partae deputatus . ni prius hie digna satis- factione humilis penituerit . fis syn fara .X. hida longemsera to sufha fe fa .III. hida binnan synd fe wistan forworhte wift fone cyning aefelred mid unrihtu monslihte 7 fifte healf hid aet hlodbroce 7 aet hreodburnan fe mid fa ofru lande forworhte waeron 7 he hyra ealra

30 geuf e his ealdormen leofwine a in ece yrfe . "f is fonne faer hlodbroc fealj? on ycaenan aefter streame ^ to \ ae hyaerde wycan fram fa hyerde wycan Up to fa aellenstubbe to fa maerstanae of fa maerstane to f aem gemyf an . 7 aefter streame "p to beornewaealdes hlawe of fa hlawe to fa pytte up on fa beanhlande . 7 to f ae pytte ^j swa of f e pytte to cocce-

35 byle ' 7 to yppescelfe of yppescelfe aefter f aem heafdan to haeahhewellan of f am wyllan to hlodbroce . sefter f se broce f aet aeft on ycenan . f is syn fa hlandgemaere into hlodbroce 7 to hreodburnan ty is fonne to wylman

8. distribuere\ the first i altered from e. 32. After fia-m a letter erased and the m

1 8. homnibus] toi omnibus. itself on an erasure.

CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS. 21

forda 7 of pa forda efter sealtstrete to pa grenan wege of pa wege f aeft on wylman broce aefter streame ty on hreodbroce of pa broce ^ up to pa hlangan porne of pa porne setter pa heafdan -p on pa wyllan aet hlod- 40 broce aefter streame •p pon up sefter pa heafdan to pa mere of pa mere to pa hlawe on yppescelfe . of pa hlawe to grenan hylle of pa hlawe to cocgebyll of cocgebyll aefter heafdan to pa waetergefeal aefter streame JJ on stanherneforde of pa fordae •)? aeft on wylman forde.

Haec kartula karaxata est anno dnicae incarnationis .DCCCC .L. 45 XXXXVIII. huius munificentie; singrapha his testibus . consentibus quoru inferius nomina secundu u[n]ius cuiusque dignitate caraxantur.

+ ego aepelred britannie; rex angloru monarchus preformatas ppinquaru sed et regu donationes hoc taumate agie crucis roboraui,

+ ego a^lfric dorobernensis eclesie archieps eiusde regis beniuolentia 50 subscripsi.

+ ego aldulf eboracensis basilice primas hoc eulogiu agie crucis taumate confirmaui.

+ ego aelfheah licetfeldensis coenobii antistes iubente rege tropheu scse crucis impressi. 55

+ ego aelfheah wintoniensis aeclesie. presul canonica subscriptione hoc donu coroboraui.

+ ego wulfstan eps lundoniensis testudinem scae crucis huic regali dapsilitati libens adposui.

4- ego wulfsige scireburnensis seclesie catascopus donu eiusdem 60 regis confirmaui.

+ ego apulf herefordensis seclesie pontifex consensum prebui.

+ ego alfwold eps hoc eulogiu manu ppria apicibus depinxi.

4- ego aelfsige abb.

+ ego selfweard abb. 65

+ ego wulfgar abb.

+ ego leofric abb.

+ ego aepelweard dux.

+ ego selfric. dux.

+ ego aelfelm dux. 7°

+ ego leofwine dux.

+ ego ordulf m

^8 Between the e and the£ of the second 46. conscntilnti] forconscnlu-ntihis.

a letter erased. 49- Mi'W*™\ so m Mb.

22 CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS.

4- ego sej?elmser m

+ ego wulfheah m

75 4- ego wulfgeat m.

• Contemporary endorsement in capitals : Dis is }?sera landda hoc to SuJ?ham 7 to Hlodbroce v 7 to Hreodburnan ' j?e ^Efelred cyning sealde Leofwine ealdormen on ece yrfe.

IX.

998, XVII. Kal. Mai (= April 15).— JFi// of Leofwine Wulfstan's son, in favour of Westminster Abbey.

* CHIROGRAPHUM.

>fc In nomine dni nri ihu xpi . J?ys is leofwines cwide wulfstanes suna . f aet is ];onne serest }?set ic gean criste 7 see petre for minre saule in to westmynster ealra J?ara J?inga ]?e me crist to gefultumian wyle set J?am lande set cynlaue dyne . 7 set mearcyncg seollan on wuda 7 on

5 felda . 7 ic gean of purlea in to hnutlea healfere hide landes on east- healf straete for mine sawle J?am godes feowan . 7 minre faf>an leofware J?ses heafodbotles on purlea . 7 ealles )?3es J?e me J^ser to loca]? . 7 gif eadwold laengc libbe hire suna fonne heo . fo he J?aerto . gif heo fonne laeng beo 7 ^ god wille sylle hit on ]?a hand ]?e hire aefre betst gehyre

10 on uneer bega cynne . 7 ic gean minum hlaforde wulfstane bisceope ]?aes landes set bserlingum. pys wses gedon J?ses geares fram ures drihtnes

anni diii indie epac ccur ciclos dies . xnn . lun dies pasce

gebyrdtide. DCCCCXCVIII XI XX v VIII XVII kt mai XV ki mai

lun ipsius

XVI.

Endorsed in contemporary hand: ]?is is leofwines cwide wulfstanes 15 suna.

Endorsed in slightly later hand : Cynlseuedene . >J< . Endorsed in early \^th cent, hand : Killauedene uersus ecclesiam. Endorsed in last century hand : 1727, 25th Augusti. Petri le Neve Norrey pretium \IL \\s. 6d.

The top half of & CHIROGRAPHUM cut off.

CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS. 23

X.

[1008-1012.]— Will ofAlfwold, bishop (of Crediton).

^ pis is alfwoldes bisceopes cwyde "p is ftset he geann J?aes landes set sandforda in to ]?am mynstre in to crydian tune him to saulsceatte mid mete 7 mid mannum swa hit stent butan witepeowum mannum . 7 anes hiwscypes he geann godrice ]?serof 7 an sylhiSe oxna . 7 he* geann his hlaforde feower horsa . twa gesadelode 7 twa unsadelode . 5 7 feower scyldas 7 .nil. spera 7 twegen helmas 7 twa byrnan . 7 .L. mancsa goldes J?e selfno)? him sceal set wudeleage 7 senne scegft .LXllll.sere he is call gearo butan ]?am hanon he hine wolde ful gearwian his hlaforde to gerisnum gif him god irSe . 7 ordulfe twegra boca hrabanum 7 martyrlogiu . 7 ]?am sepelinge .XL. mancsa goldes 7 10 fsera wildra worfa set sescburnan lande 7 twegra getelda . 7 alfwolde munuce .XX. mancsa goldes 7 anes horses . 7 anes geteldes . 7 byrhtmsere preoste .XX. mancsa goldes 7 anes horses . 7 his prim magon eadwolde 7 sepelno-Se 7 grimkytele hira selcon .XX. mane goldes 7 hira selcon anes horses . 7 wulfgare his msege twegra wahryfta 7 twegra setlhraegla 15 7 preo byrnan . 7 godrice his a-Sume twegra byrnena . 7 eadvvine msesse- preoste .V. mane goldes 7 his kseppan . 7 leofsige msessepreoste pses mannes pe he him ser tole"t wunstan hatte . 7 kenwolde helm 7 byrnan . 7 boian anes horses . 7 mselpatrike .V. mane goldes 7 leofwine polgan .v. mane goldes 7 selfgare writere an pund penega he laende tune 7 his 20 geswysternon gehealdon hi hine . 7 eadgyfe his swyster an strichrsegl . 7 .1. hrigchrsegl . 7 .1. sethraegl . 7 selflsede offestran .V. mane . pe . 7 spilan .III. mane goldes . 7 LX. pe . 7 leofwine vpolgan' . 7 mselpatrike . 7 byrhsige hira J>reora selcon an hors . 7 selcon hiredmen his onrid J?e he alaened haefde . 7 his hiredcnihton eallon .v. pund 25 t6 gedale selcon be J?am j?e his mse^ wsere . 7 in to crydian tune freo )?eningbec msesseboc . 7 bletsungboc . 7 pistelboc . 7 an msessereaf . 7 on selcon bisceophame selcon men freot J?e witefeow wsere . o3J?e he mid his feo gebohte . 7 in to wiltune calic 7 disc on .CXX. mane goldes butan ]mm mane . 7 biirfenon his beddreaf . 7 pises is to gewitnesse 30

I . 34 CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS.

wulfgar aelfgares sunu . 7 godric be crydian . 7 eadwine maessepreost . 7 alfwold munuc . 7 byrhtmaer preost.

Endorsed in early \^th cent, hand : Ealwold Bisscopes biquide at samforde to Cridihamtones minstre.

XI.

1007. — King <sE$elred to St. Alban's monastery.— Grant of land at Norton, ' cet Rodanhangron' and at Oxhey, co. Hertford.

Regnante in perpetuum d[o] & dno nro ihu xpo r Quamuis ubiq; per uniuersu mundu merita beatoru martyrum diuinis celebranda sint preconiis r eorumq; suffragia qui pro xpi nomine sanguinem suu fuderunt totis nisibus amplectenda r angloru tamen populis intra

5 ambitum britanniae constitutis r specialiter est honoranda beati martyris ALBANI gloriosa uictoria r qui & ipse pro xpo martyrium subiit r & hanc gentem rosei sanguinis effusione consecrauit ; Qua propter ego yEBELRED totius al[b]ionis superna largienfte] gratia basileus . ut in tremendo magni iudicii die scorum patrociniis interuenientibus superni

10 regni coheres existere merear r trium possessionem terrarum do omnipotenti ad monasterium prefati martyris aeternaliter possiden- dam concede r quarum duae simul adiac[e]nt r hoc est aet nor^tune . & una mansa aet RODANHANGRON r Tertia uero seorsum sita r usitato uocabulo JET OXANGEH^GE nominatur r Harum quidem terrarum

15 portionem OFFA rex merciorum quondam regali iure possedit r eamq; ad predictum monasterium . pro amore tjanti] martyris qui inibi r[e]quiescit . aeterna l[e]ge lib[erat]am confcessit] . sed [eo] postmodum def[unc]to p[er] potentia quorunda iniquorum uiolenter abstracta est . & tamdiu ab jpso loco iniuste exclusa [djonec tandem f[ie]r8z: a

20 Leof[s]ino duce possessa . Qui dum culpa sua exigente patria pulsus exularet r ^ELFRIC mihi fidelis archiepiscopus & LEOFRIC abbas frater eius r eandem portionem dato pretio [me] concedente emerunt & ut do quae di erant restituerem r rogatu humillimae deuotionis obtin-

CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS. 2.5

uerunt * Post obitum uero nominati super[iu]s archiepi . interpellante fratre ipsius hanc cartam meae donation is & renouationis scribere iussi r 25 in qua preppio tarn mea quam dl omnipotentis auctoritate r ut nulla altior inferiorue persona cuiuscumq; sit dign[i]tatis r hanc portionem s[co] martyri subtrahere qualibet occasione presumat r sine in meis •- siue successoru meoru temporibus r sed permanente iugiter & pre- ualen[t]e restitutionis huiusce priuilegio r omnia contrarioru molimina 30 adnullentur r Sitq; predicta terraru possessio perpetualiter ea libertate donata r qua memoratus rex merciorum tarn coen[obi]um Sci ALBANI r quam omnes quas illuc intromisit possessiones omni deuotione ditauit r tribus exceptis r rata expeditione r pontis arcisue restauratione r ceterum cuncta ad se per[tine]ntia r campi r pascua r prata r silu§ & 35 reliqua r libera permaneant ; Si quis igitur he.c decreta uiolare pre- sumpserit r omnipotentis d! & omniu scorum r meaq; & omniu xpianorum ben[e]dictione careat r & aeterna maledictione damnatus intereat r nisi digne citius emendauerit r quod contra dm & scm martyrem eius ALBANUM deliquit ; Hi sunt fines quibus earundem possessio terraru 4° gyratur ; + pis synt J?a landgemaero to nor Stune ; ^Erest of readan wylles heafdan to wil[i]gbyrig; Fram wiligbyrig andlang stodfald dices ; Swa andlang stodfald gemser[es] . J?aet hit cym^ to stocc gemaere ; swa in to J?aere ea ; Andlang ea Q\ )?aet hit cyrrrS eft- to readan wylles h[ea]fdon V + Dis synt J?aere hide landgemaero aet rodan [ha]ng[r]on ; ^Erest 45 set bradan waetere of sme-San hleawe to ]?aere straet ; Andlang straete J^set hit cym« to :y: an lege ; Of J>aere l[e]ge r faet hit cym$ to frobirig stocce; Of J>a[m] stocce r to ::J?ingham gete ; Of J?am gete . to eadw[i]nes gemaere ; )?anone on gerihte sefter gemaere r ut to wijngho . fanone eft to smefan h[le]awe ;• + pis synt fa landgemaero to oxan- 5° g[e]haege r 7 to baecces wyrSe ; ^Er[est] of watforda r in[to] puda wyr^e ; Of puda wyrSe r in ON mapuldorg[eat]. Of fam gate r to east heale to ]?am frym gemaeron ; Of fam gem[aer]on . to ]?am cyrstelmaele ; Of ]?am cyrstelmaele r to ]?aere smalan aec ; Of J?aere aec . to haran ]?orne ; Of \ am J?orne . to faere defe ; Of paere defe r to 55 beorclege ; of fsere lege r in to cufchelming beam ; Of J>am beame r in on J?a stigele ; Of J?aere stigele r on r : : ding[w]ylle . Of f sere wylle . in on colen : : : ge ; Anno dominicae incarnationis millesimo septimo r indie .V. scripta est huius munificentiae scedula r his testibus consciis r q[uor]um h[e]c n[o]mina sunt ; 6o

[iv. 7-J E

26 CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS.

4- Ego ^EBELRED anglorum rex . pro amore dl & sci ma[rt]yris ALBANI . hanc donationem gratulabundo corde renouaui r & renouata huic stilo commendare precepi ;

4- Ego ^ELFHEAH dorobernensis ecclesiae archiepiscopus . huic 65 donation! regiae signaculum scae crucis im[po]sui.

4 Ego ^ELFGIFU regina mente deuota consensi ;

4 Ego Uulfstan eboracensis ecclesiae archiepiscopus . huic diffini- tioni consentaneus extiti :

4 Ego ^EDELSTAN films regis cu fratribus meis clitonibus . adplau- 70 dens consensi.

4- Ego A]?eluuold uuintoniensis eccte modernus episcopus . assen- suni prebui ,

4 Ego Ordbyrht australium saxonum episcopus corroboraui.

4 Ego Adulf episcopus . consignaui. 75 -f Ego Lyuing episcopus . consolidaui.

-f Ego Goduuine episcopus . consygillaui.

+ Ego yElfhun episcopus . confirmaui.

+ Ego yElfgar cu reliquis coepis . conclusi.

[Col. 2.]

4- Ego aelfweard abb.

80 + Ego aelfsige abb.

-f Ego wulfgar abb.

+ Ego aelfsige abb.

+ Ego aelfsige abb.

[Col. 3.]

+ Ego Germanus abb.

85

H- Ego

self ere

abb.

+ Ego

birhtwold

abb.

+ Ego

selfmaer

abb.

4- Ego

eadno^S

abb.

4 Ego

godeman

abb.

4 Ego

aelfric

dux.

4 Ego

leofwine

dux.

4 Ego

eadric

mifi.

4 Ego

aelfgar

min.

4 F,go

ae]?elmaer

min.

[Col. 4.]

CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS.

27

+ Ego a]?elwold min.

+ Ego leofwine min.

+ Ego godric min.

+ Ego ae)?elwine min.

[Col. 5.]

+ Ego byrhsige min.

4- Ego ulfkytel min.

+ Ego aefelric min.

+ Ego aelfgar min.

+ Ego oswig min.

4- Ego leofwine min.

4- Ego aelfwig min.

+ Ego aefelwine min.

4- Ego a)?elwold min.

Endorsed in same hand: + J?is is Jjsera >reora landa boc to norStune 7 to rodan hangron . 7 to oxan gehaege mid baecces wyrSe . J?e selfric arce bisceop 7 his broftor leofric abbod gebohtoN . 7 sefelraed cynincg J?a gebocode gode selmihtigon into see albanes stowe on ece yrfe.

Endorsed in \ith cent, hand: EJ?elred2 rex . No[r}?t]one . Roden- han[gre]n . O:::aghen . Baceswrfe.

100

105

XII.

1023. — King Cnut to Christ Church, Canterbury. — Grant of the port of Sandwich, &c.

^ In nomine dei summi & saluatoris nri ihu xpi . Certis adstipu- lationibus nos sci & iusti patres frequentatiuis ortationibus admonent . vt dm que diligimus & credimus intima mentis affectione cum bonorum operum diligentia incessanter eum timeamus & amemus . Quia retri-

j. First / of orla tionilus partly erased. E 2

28 CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS.

5 butionem omniu actuum nrorum in die examinationis iuxta unius cuiusq; meritum reddet . Ideoq; subtilissima mentis certatione illu imitari satagamus . licet mortalis uite pondere pressi & labentibus huius scii possessionibus simus infoecati . tamen miserationis ei9 largitate caducis opib9 §terna celestis uite premia mercari queamus . Qua propter ego

10 CNVT . diuina fauente gra . anglorum ceterarumq: adiacentiu insularum basileus . propriis manibus meis capitis mei auream coronam pono super altare xpi in dorobernia ad opus ei5dem ^ccle^ . & concedo eidem £cd'£ ad uictum monachorum portum de sanduuic . & omnes exitus ei9dem aqu§ ab utraq; parte fluminis cuPcumq: terra sit . a pipneasse

15 usq; ad mearcesfleote . ita ut natante naue in flumine cum plenum fuerit . quam longius de naui potest securis paruula qua angli uocant tapereax sup terra proici . ministri xpi rectitudines accipiant . Nullusq; omnino homo habet aliqua consuetudine in eodem portu . exceptis monachis £cct§ xpi . Eorum aute est nauicula & transfretatio portus . & thelo-

20 neum omniu nauiu cuPcumq: sit & undecumq; ueniat qu£ ad predictu portu & ad sanduuic uenerint . siquid aute in magno mari extra portu quantu mare plus se retraxerit & adhuc statura unius hominis tenentis lignu quod angli nominant spreot & tendentis ante se quantum potest r monachorum est r Quicquid etia ex hac parte medietatis maris inuentu

25 & delatu ad sanduuic fuerit r siue sit uestimentu siue rete . arma . ferru . auru . argentum r medietas monachorum erit . alia pars remane- bit inuentoribus . Quod si alt deinceps quilibet codicellulus emerserit . qui prisc§ tempestatis stilo digestus . huic nostr§ confirmationi uisus fuerit aliquatenus refragari illi5 modi litteratur§ membranula . siricum

30 morsibus conrodenda aut certe potius ignfuomi uaporis incendio com- burenda adnichiletur . eiusq; pr^sentator cuiuscumq; extiterit psone^ r f> purgamento fauille deputetur . & ignominiosissima confusione sub- sannetur . & ab omnibus in circuitu pr9sentibus unianimo detestetur . huiusq: priuilegii rata confirmatio semp inposterum preualeat . & tarn

35 dei omnipotentis auctoritate . quam mea . simul & omnium concorditer optimatum corroboratione confirmata . contra uniuersa refragatorum cogitamenta . cunctis succedentibus aeui temporibus . stabilis & incon- cussa columnaris status similitudine . pseuerantissimo iure consolidetur . Si autem quod non optamus . aliquis tumulo supcilio inflatus . hanc

21. Erasure over u of portiL 29. siricttw] the top of the second / gone.

CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS. 29

nram corroborationem infringere uel minuere temptauerit . nouerit se 40 anathematizatum . esse a deo & scis eius . ni ante mortem digna satis- factione emendauerit . quod* iniuste deliquit . Scripta est hex: scedula anno ab incarnatione dni nri itiu xpi . millesimo .XXIII his testibus con- cordantibus quorum onomata inferius lucide karaxantur. + Ego .CNVT. rex anglorum hanc litteratur^ confirmation^ indeclinabiliter confirmo 45 + Ego . ae];elno$us dorobernicus archi presul hanc prerogatiua uexillo sco confirmaui. + Ego aelfricus . eboracensis e^cie; archieps eiusdem regis beniuolentiam cum see; crucis signo corroboro. + Ego aelfwius . lundoniensis ^ccie; pontifex . consensi. 4- Ego selfsinus . wentonie eps assensum prebui. + Ego byrhtwoldus . coruiniensis ^cci$ eps . con- 5° donaui. + Ego aej7ericus . dorccensis fccle; eps . consolidaui. 4- Ego aelmaer t>. + Ego godwine b. + Ego brihtwine b. + Ego aefestan fe. + aelmser abb. + Ego brihtmaer abb. + Ego brihtwig abb. + Ego wulfnoft ab. + Ego Godwine dux. + Ego :laf dux. + Ego Iric dux. + Ego J?or3 .m. + Ego Jnym m. + Ego agmund m. 55 + Ego aefelric m. + Ego aelfwine m. + Ego byrhtric m. + Ego leofric m. + Ego Sired rn. + Ego godwine .m. Ego eadmaer m.

Endorsed in \%th cent, hand : P^ilegiu regis Cnut de donatioe Sandwicc 7 csuetudinu ei9 7 coron^ capitis sui.

Endorsed in T-ith cent, hand: latine.

Endorsed in late \^th cent, hand: Cum codicello Edgari regis et inquisitione habita in villa de Sandwico.

Endorsed in i$th cent, hand: Registratur.

XIII.

[1107x1137.]— William of Warelwast, bishop of Exeter. Confirma- tion to the Canons of Crediton of their liberties.

TfT Witt di gra Exoniensis eps. omnib; suis parrochianis . clericis & laicis tarn psentib; qua futuris . salutes r & di benedictione . & sua ,

2. salutes] so in MS.

30 CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS,

Qm §ccia di sponsa mat nra lifoa est r dignu siquide & iustu est . ut ei9 libertate tanqua boni filii conseruare & restituere nfis temporib; 5 quantu fas est r di adiutorio ad nfam & succedentiu nro^ utilitate satagamus . Proinde sciatis oms ta futuri quam psentes . q°d ego Wilt di gfa Exoniensis eps concessi . & carta mea confirmaui di <p amore Eccle; de Cridiatona & ei9de canonicis pr^sentib; & futuris . tale libtate in reb; & ppositura exxle^ pdicte; . quale unqua meli9 & honorabili9

10 habuit ipsa & canonici ei9 . tepore pdecessoris mei uidelicet domni Osbti epi beat§ memorie^ uiri. Est aute h^c libtas hui modi . scilicet concessi qd canonici simul habeant in manu sua ppositura £ccl$ . & qd ei ptinet . & canonici ex se ipsis unu quale uoluerint eligant int se in ppositu . & electu r m psentabunt . & meo consilio & mea laude &

15 meo dono , elect9 & psentat9 fiet pposit9 r absq; omni exactione & recognitione inde reqsita. Volo en! & confirmo ut nulla in posteru ab aliq exigatur consuetudo <pinde aut exactio . Qd'si forte pposit9 iste in ppositura <ppt forisfactu suu canonicis fi placuerit r rh monstrabunt . & hoc ostenso r m emdabit . & canonici aliu ex se ipsis eligent r similit meo

20 dono constituendu. Idem qq; meis successorib; sup hoc fieri constituo . Pretea ad augrntu substanti^ canonico^ . & ad seruitiu ei9de ^cct^ corro- borandu r de dece & octo pbendis ei9de f cct^ qa admodu paupes st r csilio & assensu capituli mei matris ^cct^ exoniensis . concessi & in ppetuu confirmaui r qd redigantr in duodeci pbendas . ad usu duodecl

25 canonico^ do ibidem seruientiu. Et his ita libe sic pfatu est concessis r canonici pdicti loci debent ^cctam sua & officinas ^cct^ canonicales pficere & manutenere ad honore di & eccle^ su^. Veru ut de cej^o rata & inconcussa h^c ccessio pmaneat r carta & sigillo meo confirmaui . & e/ccle^ me^ capituli csilio confirmatu r psentib; & futuris contradidi .

30 Quicunq; g hui9 concessionis & confirmationis auctoritate inrefregabilit manutenuerit r a do retributione accipiat . & orationu & beneficio^ ^cct<j pnominate, . particeps & consors effici mereatr. Qui aute hui9 statuti libtate n qu^ ihu xpi sed que sua st querens uiolare ptemp- tauerit r tanqua reus diuine^ subiaceat ultioni . AMEN; . + . Porro

35 hui9 libtatis ccessione . & capitulu nrm & sci Petri attest1" & confirmat . & sigillo suo simul assignat . In pmis . Robtus de Waraelwast .

1 6, 17. ab aliquo} partially erased. 27. Erasure of letter after venun.

26. Erasure ol letter (/?) after canonici. 34. ultioni] the iio partly deca)ed.

CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS. 3I

de augo . Odo . Ernaldus . archidiaconi . Magistf Leowin9. Witt de normanuile . thesaurari9 . Rad medic9 . Walt'' fr ei9 . Witt lotoringensis . Osbt9 capelf . Radulf9 uitat . Gauf» de s*. laudo . Philipp9 de furn* . Dein totu capitf . & extra . Rad de leu . Alured9 . subarchidiaconi . Rob 40 de rothom^ . HemmiN9 . Rob de normanuile . & qua plures clerici & laici . Testes libtatis supi9 ptaxate..

Endorsed in early \^th cent, hand: [De] libtate eccte Oditon & canoicis ei9dm ecce [conc]esse p dnm Wiftm Epm Exon.

XIV.

[C. 1150.]— William (de Albini) earl of Chichester, to the church of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem (Burton Lazars).— Grant of 12,0 acres in Wymondham, co. Norfolk.

W. comes cicestrie; . W. di gr^a ep^o norwici . & omib; fidelib; e;cclie; . 7 omib; hominib; 7 amicis suis francis & anglis de Norfulch & suffulch r sat . Noscat dilectio u^ra me concessisse & dedisse do 7 See; MARI£ 7 §ccii£ Sci Lazari ierosolimitani . & fi^ib; ibide d^o seruientib; sexies viginti acras in villa Wimundehami^ . scilicet int^ mea dnica 5 mansura & t^ras capestres in ppetua elemosina. Videlicet p rege Stepho 7 regina Mathildi . 7 filiis eo^ . p me ipso & p regina Adelide . 7 filiis nr^is 7 p animab; patris 7 matris mee^ 7 filiis eo^ . 7 p untuersis xp^ianis uiuis atq; defunctis. Qua u° terra uolo 7 firmit1' pcipio ut bene & in pace 7 honorifice . libere 7 qete cu omib9 libtatib; 7 sine omi 10 exactione sctari teneant. Test17 Rogero de albineio . Hub de monte chan . Moreft de merl . Rad cap1* de chen^ . 7 Wilfo cap1? . 7 Ric filio hac. Herueo de Ing. Witt uat . Warino masc*? . Rog^o cam . 7 Ric filio Ailwardi.

7. Erasure between me and ipso. 9- Erasure between ut and bene.

32 CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS.

XV.

[C. 1150.] — Nigel de Moubrai to the Canons of St. Mary's Southwark. Grant of an orchard, etc., at Banstead (co. Surrey).

Nigeft de moubrai omibj hominib} suis francis 7 anglis 7 vniu^sis see mat's eccte filiis ta psentib} gf futris r sat Not sit omib} uobis me concessisse 7 dedisse 7 hac mea carta confirmasse d^o 7 beate MARIE 7 Canonicis eccte see Marie de sudwurcfa in lib^am 7 ppetua elemosina .

5 pom^u qd est apd aq^one int*7 ecctam de benested 7 uia qa gaditr apd domu vitat de sutt . 7 intf uia q ducit ad curia mea 7 semita q in occi- dente ducit ad ecctam. Et .V. acas in hama . habendu 7 possidendu sic lib^am 7 ppetua 7 qjeta elemosina ex omi seclari s^uitio 7 exactione tenendu de me 7 de h^edibB meis et^natr . hanc u° elemosina optuli sup

10 altare see MARIE in eccta de sudwVft p salute mea 7 vxoris mee 7 omiu pripinq°r meo^. His test. Ric de Hastlg . Witt, capett. Rog^ de moubrai . Ric de aluers. Rob de buci Rob filio Rog. Vitat de Sutt*». Witt de coueft. Goc uinator. Rac! uinatof. Rad bucelt. Watt de Weft. Michset filio Rad de cornh. Pet0 pposito . 7 aliis qa plurib;.

XVI.

[C. 1150.] — Bartholomew de Glanville. — Confirmation of his father's grants to Bactun or Bromholme monastery (co. Norfolk).

Notu sit olb} ta futuris qa presentib} qd ego bartoloms de glauilla ccedo & psenti carta cfirmo oia que pat*7 ms Wittm9 de glauilt concessit & dedit do St see marie 7 sco andree apto 7 monachis apud baketunia d5 seruientib5 u1 pat*7 ms req^scit . Scit . tfra stanardi jpsbit^i de casewic . 5 Et ecctia ei9de uille cu ptinentiis. Et broholm u1 manet. Et ecctiam de dilha cu apendiciis . Decima q°q; manerio^ meo^ . Scit . de baketunia

i<yt propinquorwn .

CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS. 33

tota . 7 .{{**. partes decime de haninges . 7 similitf de horha . 7 de alretun'' . 7 dallgeho . 7 de burg de dniis mis . 7 similit1' de sueftlinges . Decima q°q; molendino^. meo$ de baketun4* . 7 de wileford tota . 7 iia9. partes molendini decime de haninges. Et unu molendinu I mulesle 1 10 dnio. Et tfra herefridi psbitfi in dnto, Et qanda parte mee silue a uia molendini usq; tochesgate. Et .IIas. partes decimaru rneo^ holu. Scit. Rog'Ji auuncti mei de bertune 7 galfridi psbit'u de haninges . 7 turstani dispensatoris . 7 warini de torp . 7 Ricardi hurel . 7 walteri utlage . 7 Rofoti de Ruskeuile . 7 tota decima ricardi filii ketel . 7 tota decima de 15 pannagio de baketun1' . 7 de horha . 7 de trbagio de suathefeld .iia8. partes . 7 Isr incremtu qd ad fine suu delegau . Scit . Geilholm . 7 ola qe ibt habuit I ag's . I hoib} . Scit . wistan cemtariu . 7 6s alios q1 ibide sui iuris erat . sole 7 q'te ab olb} csuetudinib^ pt4* denegeld regis. Et Isr qe ego barthot dedi I elemosina . Scit . ecctia de pastun1* cu ptinentiis . Et ao t'Ta silue . 7 tfra pastun^ . 7 t^ra de greneho . 7 tVa ad cap briges . 7 t^ra ad aldehithe-7 lakeland. 7 tVa toche de briges qa ipse toche dedit in elemosina quaru suma e q^q^inta due acre . Et pt^ea dedi eis .XXX. acras iuxta mare . Et meu patu de brakeholm ppt^ decima pcuratiols dom9 mee . 7 mariscu meu iuxta broholm. Et ptW dedi eis .X. acas iuxta mare . 7 25 decima Ricardi psbit^i de baketun4' ^l honore dl 7 see marie 7 sci andree apti p salute ale mee 7 ale pfis mei 7 olu amico^ meo^ uiuo^ ac defuncto^/ Teste Ricardo psbit^o de bachetun . 7 baldewino decano de caresfeld . 7 Radulfo capellano . 7 gocelino psbit^o . 7 jurdano de sacheuit. Rodfoto de ualein1' . Heruico de glauit . 7 Randulfo de glauit filio ei9. Rog^o de 3° glau^ . 7 Rodbto filio ei9 . 7 witt de glau^ . Odone de wrthested 7 Ricardo 7 ebrardo filiis ei9 . Hosbto de glauit . Reginaldo de glauit . 7 wilt filio pet1 . 7 hufrido fre suo . Rog^o taleuaz . 7 michet filio ei9 . 7 Ricardo pposito . 7 witt de gisnei . 7 wilt filio ulf . 7 Alexa[n]dro filio odonis de wrthested . 7 Reginaldo fre ei9 . 7 Rodftto de bonesboz . 7 Gamel sacriste . & ^Edrico 35 palm** . 7 Gilefoto 7 will auunculo ei9 de gandgap . 7 Gocelino nepote p^ris . 7 dna basit mre dni bartholom'' 7 matilde uxore dni . 7 leticia filia ei .

The deed has CHIROGRAPVM on one 16. Suathefeld} altered from suathefeld.

side. It is cut through, not indented.

. 7)

34 CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS.

XVIL

[C. 1150.]— Thomas son of Hugh de Horton. Grant to St. Mary's, Woodkirk, a cell of St. Oswald's, Nostell [ca. York].

Sciant tam psentes qa futi qd ego thomas fill9 hugonis de hortona dedi 7 ocessi 7 hac ma karta cfirmaui do 7 see Marie de wudekyrcae 7 canonicis de sco oswaldo ibidem do 7 see Marie seruientib; p ala pat's mei 7 mat^s mee . 7 p ala mea . 7 vxoris mee . 7 parentu meo^ 7 ances-

5 so£ in pura 7 ppetua elemosinam 7 de o! exactione quietam . dimidie- tate unius bouate tre in aldewr)?a . cu ptinentfis scilicet occidentalem partem illi9 bouate qa ricard9 films ede tenet de me . sup qa idem Ricardus manet . 7 comunem in oib; aisiamentis . in bosco . in piano . in pascuis . in pasturis . in aq's . in mi's . in semitis . q ad illam uillam ptinent . 7

10 Ego 7 heredes mei warentizabim9 pdictis canonicis fra pnoiatam. His testib; Wilto f» robti de sicclinhala . willo clerico de trescs , Sansone de wnslesfordia . hugone de swinlentona . witto de boiling . wifto [de] tlorrentona . lohe de thorrentona . Rog^o de thorrentona . Gaufrido Kardinal . Thome Kardinal . henrico f* Nigelli de thankerleia . Rog**o

1 5 de oustona . Gaufrido filio ingolfi -7MVLTIS ALIIS;

12. wrislesfordia] a altered from e. 14. erasure (of e?) after Kardinal \& both cases.

13. Tlorrentona'} so in MS. thankerleia} r altered from /.

XVIII.

«

[C. 1150.] — B. de Balliol to St. Mary's Abbey, York. — Grant of Gainford church and the chapel of Barnard's Castle, co. Durham.

B^ . de balliolo . Oib9 suis pfo hoib9 francis 7 angt . 7 oib9 see eccte fidelib9 r sat; Sciatis me concessisse 7 hac mea carta confirmasse d5 7 see marie ebor4' . 7 monach ibide d5 seruietib9 ecctam de Gainesford c*f capella de castello Bern** 7 aliis ptinentiis suis . I pura 7 ppetua elemosina . 5 qa ecctia Wid^ de balliol me9 auucul9 de q hereditate habeo pfato monast^io ded^ 7 sua carta Dfirmauit . 5 sat; ale ipsi9 Wid . 7 p sat; ale mee 7 pat{s 7 matfs mee . necno 7 filio^ meo^ uiuo^ 7 defuncto^. .

CHARTERS AND DOCUMENTS. 35

Testf . IngelraW de bait . Waltf . de hedig Herebt'' de doura clerico bnard^ de bait . Rained de stocchest. Elsi de neututf . Walt4' de abbeuitt. Daniet fit Walt1?. Paulino Medico.

XIX.

[C. 1 150.]— Ralph Lestrange to St. Katherine's, Blackburgh.— Grant of his land in Wormgay, co. Norfolk.

Sciant orris tarn psentes qua futuri quod ego Radulfus lestrange concessi 7 donaui & hac carta mea present! confirmaui deo 7 see MARIE 7 see Katerine 7 domui sue de blakeberge . 7 omib} ibide do 7 see katerine seruientib9 atq; seruituris r tota terra qm teneo de feudo wir- megeie in marisco iuxa blakebergia in libera 7 ppetua elemosina £ 5 aniniab9 omniu parentu meo^ tenenda de me 7 heredib9 meis pacifice 7 honorifice . libere . 7 quiete . ex omi exacti5e & interrogatioe . reddendo annuatim una marca argenti r p omi sctari seruicio 7 con- suetudine r ad quatuor t^minos . scilicet ad IIII°r. tepora anni . ad qctlibet quatuor tempo^ .XL. denarios. His testib9 . Galfrido decano de 10 fincheha . Odone presbit^o . Magistro Robto de nuiers. Randulfo de hunstanestun . 7 filiis ei9. Rodlando 7 Hamone . lohe milite de nere- burg . Galfrido pposito . Roberto de scat. Rog^o fre suo . Alano de mideltun . Rog^o de spannie . Rog^o 7 Wilto fribs ei9. Widone lestrange . Alano de geitun . Ricardo pdume . Wifto de cnaresburc . Odone clerico. 15 Edwardo lesire . Radulfo barat . Rog^o filio reiner de svildam . Godardo de mideltun . Herberto de acra . Wifto talebot . lohe lestrange . 7 multis aliis.

F 2

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.

AfdA. = Anzeiger fur deutsches Alterthum, herausgegeben von E. Steinmeyer &c., Berlin, 1876, &c.

B.M.Fcs. = Facsimiles of Ancient Charters in the British Museum, 1873-1878.

CD. = Codex Diplomatics Aeui Saxonici, opera Johannis M. Kemble, London, 1839-1848.

CS. = Cartularium Saxonicum, ed. by W. de Gray Birch, 1885-1893.

DB. = Domesday Book.

Munch, N.F.H. = P. A. Munch, Det Norske Folks Historic, Christiania, 1852, &c.

O.E.T. = Oldest English Texts, ed. by H. Sweet, London, 1885 (Early English Text Society).

PBB. = Beitrdge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur, herausgegeben von Paul und Braune, Halle, 1874, &c.

Schmid = Reinhold Schmid, Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen, Leipzig, 1858.

Sievers = Angels dchsische Grammatik, von Eduard Sievers, 2nd edition, Halle, 1886.

Steenstrup = J. C. H. R. Steenstrup, Normannerne, Copenhagen, 1876-1882.

Freeman, N.C. — E. A. Freeman, History of the Norman Conquest (the references are to the third edition of vol. i, Oxford, 1877).

Thorpe, Diplom. = Benjamin Thorpe, Diplomatarium Anglicum Aeui Saxonici, 1865.

OS. Fes. = Facsimiles of Anglo-Saxon MSS. Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton, 1878-1884.

Earle, L.C. = John Earle, Hand-Book to the Land-Charters and other Saxonic Documents, Oxford, 1888.

NED. = A New English Dictionary, ed. by J. A. H. Murray and H. Bradley, Oxford, 1888, &c.

ZfdA. = Zeitschrift fur deutsches Alterthum, herausgegeben von Moriz Haupt, K. Mullenhoff, &c., Leipzig und Berlin, 1841, &c.

NOTES.

i.

THE text of this charter, which is now printed for the first time, is derived from a copy written in the square handwriting in use about the middle of the eleventh century. A somewhat older and more accurate text of the boun- daries is given in No. II.

In the absence of the original charter, it is difficult to decide whether the copy represents a genuine document of ^ESelheard's or is merely a later fabrication. Very little assistance in deciding this question can be drawn from the study of formulae, owing to the exceedingly small number of eighth century charters preserved in contemporary handwriting. No original charter of this king's is known to be in existence, and there is only one charter, preserved in a later copy, that is ascribed to him1 (CS. i. 228). The proem of the present . charter suggests comparison with later charters, but much stress cannot be laid upon this, as the text and the reflection it contains are common ones. On the whole, there seems to be nothing in the charter to justify its being labelled as spurious. The contention that it is a genuine charter is supported by its brevity (except in the boundaries), the fewness of the witnesses, the repeated use of signum manus in the attestations, the clearness and simplicity of its Latin, and the absence of Greek words. All these are characteristics that it shares with the undoubted charters of early date. It has, moreover, come down to us in copies older than the Norman Conquest, and it therefore occupies a position superior to charters dependent upon copies made after that event, as the great majority, if not all, of the spurious OE. charters were made in the century or so following the Conquest. It is not possible to found arguments for or against the charter upon the absence of the future tense in the granting clause a, as the use of that tense is not invariable in the early charters. Indeed, the future is in no case used in the original charters prior to A. D. 740 in the uerba

1 He also confirms a very dubious charter of King ^ESelbald (CS. i. 224). See below, p. 117, note to 1. 48.

2 See Kemble, CD. i. p. xxviii ; Heinrich Brunner, Zur Rechtsgeschichte der romischen und germanischen Urkunde, Berlin, 1880, p. 165.

38 NOTES.

dispositiua l. The absence of the future in this position in the early charters militates against Brunner's unsatisfactory explanation of its use in OE. charters. OfTa is the first king who thus used the future with anything like consistency, and it is possible that most of the charters of secondary authority of earlier date than his reign wherein the future is used are really of later origin 2.

Another argument in favour of the authenticity of the charter is the form Atiilhardi in line 51. The retention of the i in the second syllable of afiil favours the view that the charter was copied directly from an original belonging to the first half of the eighth century. The charters up to 740 preserve the i in unaccented syllables, but after that date it is superseded by e (cp. Sievers, Angh'a, xiii. p. 13). In the case of names beginning with afitl, the traditional spelling with i is occasionally met with in the second half of the eighth century, and even so late as the beginning of the ninth. As this spelling cannot well be later than the beginning of the ninth century, and as it is the only form to be expected in 739, we think it may fairly be adduced as an argument in favour of the authenticity of the charter.

There are thus several features that we should expect to find in a charter of this date, and nothing that distinctly suggests a later origin.

The Indiction is the correct one for 739, so that we may conclude that the eleventh century scribe copied the figures accurately, for we can hardly assume that he would take the trouble to alter the Indiction so as to agree with a wrongly-copied date. The year 739 is the date of King ^Etfelheard's death, according to the Northumbrian Chronicle 3, whose chronology is hereabouts superior to that of the OE. Chronicle. The Parker MS. of the latter records ^EcSelheard's death in 741, although it fixes the date of his successor CuoYed's death in 754, in contradiction of its statement that CucSred reigned sixteen years. But the dates in the Chronicle are two years behind the real dates from 754 onwards, so that 754 means 756*. Thus CucSred's accession occurred in 740, the date

1 The words used are as follow : HloShere of Kent, A. D. 679, dono, conferimus, adiunxi (CS. i. 70 16, 22, 71 7); Weired of Mercia, A.D. 691-2, tradidi (Ib. i. 109 16) ; Hodilred, A. D. 692, trado, Iransscribo (Ib. i. 115 12, 13) ; Wihtred of Kent, A. D. 697, decreui dare (Ib. i. 141 ie): Nunna of the South Saxons, circ. 725, conscribo, attribuo (Ib. i. 211 10, u) ; ^ESelberht of Kent, A. D. 732, tribuo et dono (Ib. i. 215 9) ; ^Selbeald of Mercia, A. D. 734, indico me dedisse (Ib. i. 2 20"), and A. D. 736, trado (Ib. i. 222 25).

2 This is certainly true of the charter of Csedwalla of Wessex, A.D. 683 (CS. i. 99), which uses dabo (line 19), as it embodies a phrase (praedicta siquidem tellus his terminis circumcincta clarescit) that seems to have originated in the chancery of ^t?elstan.

3 See continuation of the brief chronicle at end of Bseda's Historia (ed. Mayor and Lumby, p. 374) ; Simeon of Durham, ed. Arnold, ii. 32 ; Roger of Howden, ed. Stubbs, i. 5.

* Ludwig Theopald, Kritische Untersuchungen tiber die Quellen zur angelsachsischen Geschichte des achten Jahrhunderts, Lemgo, 1872, p. 16 sqq.

CHARTER I. 39

given in Chronicles C, D, E, and F. This date is supported by the statement that the battle of Beorhford, in 752, was fought in the twelfth year of his reign. The present charter shows that ^EtSelheard was alive in April, 739, and the MSS. of the OE. Chronicle agree so closely upon the date 740 that we cannot assume that this is merely an instance of an annal for 739 being entered inadvertently under 740. Theopald has shown clearly that ^EtSelheard's successor, CuSred, began his reign in the year 740, although, curiously enough, he decides that ^ESelheard's death occurred in 739. There is a like discrepancy of a year between the date assigned for Ine's death and ^Ettelheard's accession in Baeda and in the OE. Chronicle. The date in Baeda can only be obtained infer- entially1. It is 724 or 725. Chronicles A and B say that ^ESelheard succeeded in 728 2, and the other MSS. give 726. They all agree in saying that he reigned fourteen years. Yet A and B record his death in 741, which only allows him thirteen years. We have seen above that this must be a mistake for 740, the year given by the other MSS. Thus we reach 726 as the true date of the OE. Chronicle.

The date of the present charter, 739, is an impossible one if the entry in the Chronicle recording that Queen FritSugyS and Bishop ForShere, two of the witnesses, 'went to Rome' in 737, means that they abjured the world3. This is the meaning of the phrase Romam pergere in the Recapitulatio Chronica at the end of Baeda' s Historia Ecclesiastica, V. c. 24, under the years 688 and 709. In Baeda the brevity of the phrase may be explained on the ground that he had already given full particulars of the two pilgrimages in the body of his work (III. c. 30 ; IV. c. 12 ; V. cc. 7, 19). In the earlier instance the Chronicle says that Ceadwalla went to Rome, was baptized by the pope, and died there, thus copying from Baeda, V. c. 7. In the latter instance three MSS. of the Chronicle simply use the phrase ' went to Rome/ whereas two others add that one of the pilgrims remained at Rome until the end of his life. Similarly, a later scribe has added to the notice in the Parker MS. of Ine's journey to Rome the statement that he died there4. In this case it may not have been considered necessary to

1 Bseda, Hist. Eccl. V. c. 7, records the succession of the iuueniores [y£3elheard and Oswald] to Ine, when he went to Rome. Bseda states that Ine reigned thirty-seven years after Caedualla's abdication, which occurred, he says, in the third year of the reign of Aldfrid of Northumbria. Aldfrid succeeded (V. a i) his brother Ecgfrid, who was slain in 685 (IV. c. 26). Ine therefore succeeded in 687 or 688. Adding the length of his reign to this, we get 724 or 725 as the date of JESelheard's accession.

8 This is the elate given by the Lindisfarne Annals ; Pertz, Scriptores, xix. 505.

8 Bishop Stubbs suggests that there may be a mistake in the date in the Chronicle.

4 A.D. 728: 'Her Ine ferde to Rome [7 }<zr his feorh gesealde], 7 feng yE^elheard to Wesseaxna rice.' The source of the annal is Bseda, H. E., V. 7.

40 NOTES.

mention his death, as the accession of his successor is immediately afterwards recorded. The notices in the Chronicle of pilgrimages subsequent to Bseda's death (735) by no means support the view that faran to Rome means the renunciation of the world1. There is only one instance that is not in direct conflict with this view. This is the annal of 797, in Chron. F, recording that Sigeric, king of the East Saxons, 'fared to Rome.' In this case we do not know whether he died or returned, as the date of the accession of his successor, Sigered2, is not recorded. In 799 the Chronicle says that ^EcSelheard, Arch- bishop of Canterbury, and Cyneberht, Bishop of Winchester, l went to Rome.' Both these prelates returned, .^EcSelheard dying in 805 and Cyneberht witnessing a charter in 801 (CS. i. 420 19). A similar instance occurs in 812, when Arch- bishop Wulfred and Wigbryht, Bishop of Winchester, are said to ' fare to Rome/ The archbishop lived for twenty years after this date, whilst Wigbryht witnesses charters in 814 and 816 (CS. i. 480 83, 498 19). Chronicles E and F record that Archbishop Wulfelm, who died in 942, went to Rome in 927. In each of these three cases an Archbishop of Canterbury is concerned, so that the journeys were probably for the purpose of receiving the pallium from the pope. Even if this was so, they may fairly be cited as instances to disprove that ' to fare to Rome ' necessarily means the end ,of one's worldly career, the meaning that Henry of Huntingdon unhesitatingly gives to the annal of 737 recording FricSugytS's and Forfthere's journey to Rome. That the phrase had not this meaning in later times is proved by the additions to the annals of 709 and 728. It is also indirectly proved by the annals of 855 and 874, which record, in the first case, the return of the pilgrim and, in the other, his death at Rome. The entries under 884, 887, 888, and 890 simply relate to the sending of alms to Rome, and have, therefore, no bearing upon the question. We have thus seen that ' to fare to Rome ' is equivalent in the entries derived from Bseda to renouncing the world, and that in the latter part of the ninth century it merely means to journey to Rome. The question that we are unable to decide is whether the annal of 737 has the earlier or the later meaning. In favour of the earlier meaning, it may be pleaded that the annal is so very near to Baeda's time; in favour of the later, it may be urged that it is not derived from Bseda's continuators, but is purely a West-Saxon entry. The evidence of the charter

1 It should be remarked, however, that in the will of the Reeve Abba (CS. i. P7523), in A.D. 835, the expression su% to faranne, 'to fare sonth,' undoubtedly has this meaning; but, in this instance, the phrase may be conditioned by the immediately preceding alternative of entering a monastery.

8 His name occurs as a witness in 811 (CS. i. 472 31, 474 20), in 812 (Ib. i. 475 22). The dux of this name, who witnesses in 814 (Ib. i. 481 u), 816 (Ib. i. 498 25), &c., is, no doubt, another person.

CHARTER I. 4I

now under consideration may also be cited in favour of the later meaning, since the charter is otherwise deserving of credence. Queen FritJugytS occurs once only as a witness, in a charter of 737 (CS. i. 214 24). Bishop FortShere subscribes from 712 to 737 (CS. i. 189", 210 29, 214 28, 225 6, 229"). Stubbs states that ForShere's successor, Herewald, was consecrated in 736, and that he subscribes from 737. The authority given for the consecration is Simeon of Durham, who states, under 736, that Archbishop NotShelm, having received his pall from the pope, ordained three bishops, Cuftberht, Heordwald, and EthelfritS. This date conflicts with the occurrence of FortShere as a witness in 737 and, in the present charter, in 739. It is, moreover, difficult to believe that Simeon or the Northumbrian annalists can have written Heordwald for Herewald. The former can only mean Heardwald1. Yet there can be no doubt that Herewald was the name of Forfthere's successor, as he occurs in the early ninth century list in Sweet, O. E. T., p. i6884, and in Florence of Worcester's list. Sweet's list precludes the suggestion that might otherwise have been made— that Heardwald was Bishop of Dunwich 2. We have been unable to find an earlier subscription of Herewald's than 742 (CS. i. 234 24), although Stubbs states that he signs in 737, on the authority of CD. i. 99 37, for which Kembie cites Heming (Tib. A. xiii, fo. 25). But this name does not appear in the MS., and it is clearly derived by Kembie from the Old Monasticon, i. 121 (= i. 585 of the new edition). As Dugdale only cites Heming, no MS. authority for the signature is known.

The boundaries in the present charter are given at greater length than we should expect in a charter of this date, and they are written in English of the tenth and eleventh centuries, not in West-Saxon of the eighth. They may, however, be original despite their length, for the original charters of this period are sadly too few to justify our drawing hard and fast conclusions from them upon such points as this. As for the language in which they are written, it was, no doubt, modernized when our copies were made. Similar instances of modernization in the eleventh and twelfth centuries are common. Possibly a few additional features may have been introduced into the boundaries when the tenth century copy (No. II) was written. Some of the localities mentioned in these boundaries and in No. IV also occur in a grant by King Edgar of

1 The Liber Vitae Dundmensis writes in two cases Uulfheord (Sweet, 0. £. T., p. 16s444), but always writes Heard when it forms the first syllable.

2 It is possible that the CuSberht and Heordwald of Simeon may have been evolved by some blunder from the Fruidbertus and Fruiduttaldus, who were consecrated bishops by Arch- bishop Ecgberht of York in 735, according to the continuation of the brief chronicle at the end of Bzeda's Historia (ed. Mayor and Lumby, p. 174), which probably represents the oldest form of the Northumbrian Annals.

(IV. 7) G

42 NOTES.

land at Nymed near Copplestone, A.D. 974 (CS. iii. 623), and in one by King Weired of land at Sandford, A.D. 997 (OS. Fes., Pt. Ill, pi. 35) l. The boundaries as given by No. II, which is by a tenth-century scribe, are, as regards the form, better than those given in No. I, which has distinct traces of the eleventh-century copyist, e.g. herpafi, I. 10, etc., compared with herepad, II. 2 ; the use of i for_y in hrtcg, I. 12, and, conversely, the use of y for i in Lyllan-broc, I. 1 8, Wyfrig-sladt) I. 39, Crydian, I. 43. In all these cases No. II preserves the older and correct forms. We have, therefore, taken No. II as the basis of our annotation of the boundaries.

The boundaries proceed from Greedy Bridge, Crediton, by the road through Lower Greedy to the Exe at Nether Exe. This road forms the boundary of the parishes of Crediton, Newton St. Gyres, Upton Pyne, and Brampford Speke 2. The boundary then proceeds down the Exe to the junction of that river with the Greedy, and thence, probably along the southern boundaries of Newton St. Gyres and Crediton, to the junction of the Lilly Brook and the Tedburn near Harford. Hence it proceeds, partly or wholly along the southern boundary of Crediton, to the River Yeo, which it ascends to the source near Grendon, thus following in the main the boundary between Hittesleigh and Cheriton Bishop. From near Grendon it goes eastwards along the Oakhampton and Exeter road, probably to the crossing of the road by the brook running by Woodbrook into the Teign near Clifford Barton. It descends this brook into the Teign, and then proceeds up the latter along the southern boundary of Drewsteignton to the vicinity of the road from Easton to Parford, where it leaves the Teign and goes across country to Drascombe. From this point the line is not clear, but it seems to proceed by Hollycombe to the river Troney, up the latter to Nymet Wood, and thence, probably by the western boundary of Colebrooke or Clannaborough s, to the Bow and Crediton road. It next proceeds to' Copplestone, thence northward by the brook that joins the Ashbrook, and thence by the united stream of the two brooks (now called the Knighty Brook) until the stream runs into the (western) River Yeo. It follows the Yeo for a short distance up to the

1 King Eadvvig's grant of land at -ffiscford and Beohyll, A.D. 958 (CS. iii. 227), contains several names that occur in the Crediton boundaries, but their positions do not agree with those of the same names mentioned in the Crediton and Sandford boundaries. About this time the abbot of Abingdon granted 17 hides ' set Crydan Brigce ' to the Bishop of London in exchange (CS. iii. 162).

It is probable that our identifications of the boundaries are more certain in cases where they agree with parish boundaries, but it is clear that they do not always follow the parish: boundaries. The division into parishes may, moreover, be of later date.

3 As Colebrooke is in Crediton Hundred, whilst Clannaborough is in North Tawton Hundred, it is probable that Clannaborough is not included in the boundaries.

CHARTER I. 43

junction of the latter with the River Dalch, which it ascends, following the •undary of Morchard Bishop. It then proceeds, probably by the northern boundary of Kennerleigh, to Binneford, and thence, probably by the boundary of Sandford, to Holly Water. Following the stream of Holly Water into the Greedy, it proceeds down stream back to Greedy Bridge.

In several instances the boundaries are not traceable for considerable dis- tances; in such cases we have had to take the line per saltum to the first local name that we have been able to identify. We have made extensive use of the 6-inch Ordnance maps, whence most of the modern names mentioned in our notes are taken. It is possible that local research may recover some of the names that we have not identified, and may thus occasionally rectify the boundaries given by us. Our experience suggests that we may have sometimes wrongly identified an old name with a modern one of the same origin, as in Devonshire local nomenclature there are frequent cases where one and the same name occurs several times in different sites.

Assuming that our identifications are in the main correct, it will be seen that the land conveyed by this charter includes the parishes of Crediton, Newton St. Gyres, Upton Pyne, Brampford Speke, Hittesleigh, Drewsteignton, Cole- brooke, Morchard Bishop, Sandford, Kennerleigh, and the modern parish of Sherwood, part of Cheriton Bishop, and possibly the whole of Clannaborough. It thus includes the whole of the Hundred of Crediton, but it is not co-extensive with the Hundred, for Upton Pyne, Brampford Speke, Hittesleigh, Drewsteignton, and Cheriton Bishop are in the Hundred of Wonford, whilst Clannaborough is in the Hundred of North Tawton \

If the twenty cassati conveyed by this charter include the whole of the land within these boundaries 2, it is curious that the whole of the land is not included in Crediton Hundred. If the Hundred was, as has been sometimes maintained 3, the local unit out of which the manors were subsequently carved, we should surely expect to find that the present estate formed a Hundred, for the grant was made soon after the English settlement of the district, the land almost abutted upon the wilds of Dartmoor, and it was seemingly not broken up into manors or townships. It is simply described, no doubt for lack of a compre-

1 These are the modern Hundreds, but they appear to agree with the Hundreds in the Nonrina Villarum, A.n. 1316. Neither the Domesday Survey nor the Exon Domesday gives us sufficient information to reconstruct the eleventh-century Hundreds.

2 Nasse, Ueber die mittelalterliche Feldgemeinschaft . . . in England, Bonn, 1869, p. 18, maintains, < dass die Grenzen in den Urkunden oft die der ganzen Ortschaft, nicht die der einzelnen concedirten Grundstiicke sind.'

3 H. Cabot Adams, -in the Essays on Anglo-Saxon Law, Boston, U.S.A., 1876, p. 12. Cf. Maitland, Archaeological Review, iv. 233 sqq.

G 2

44 NOTES.

hensive name or names, as ' 20 hides in the place called Greedy/ — that is, the river-name \ Thus, if the charter does not support the theory that the Hundred was the unit, it certainly seems to favour the view that the manor or township was formed out of a larger regio 2. The mistake seems to be in identifying the regio with the Hundred 8, although in many cases they corresponded. The word hundred itself does not occur in Old English until a late period. This lateness of the word is scarcely compatible with a very early origin of the Hundreds eo nomine. The history of the Gloucestershire Hundreds shows that the Hundreds in that county were permanent neither in name nor in area 4. It is possible that the boundaries of Crediton Hundred may have been modified after the monastery had alienated part of the above estate. But if this was so, the modification must have occurred before the Domesday Survey, for when the Survey was taken the church of Exeter, the representative of Crediton, did not possess all the manors forming the Hundred of Crediton.

The local names mentioned in the boundaries, if they are faithfully copied from the original charter, prove that there was a considerable English settlement in this neighbourhood some time before the date of the charter. The numerous English words and English personal names occurring in the boundaries can be accounted for only upon this hypothesis. The founding of an English monastery at Crediton would hardly have occurred if Exeter was not already in English hands, as Crediton is only seven miles distant from that city. If Exeter was secure under English domination in 739, it is highly probable that it was captured by the English before the end of the seventh century. Freeman (Exeter, p. 16) was led to suggest that Exeter was captured by the West Saxons, advancing from the south-east, before the end of the seventh century. His grounds were simply that Willibald records that Winifrith (St. Boniface) was educated Adescancastre, which, as he says, no doubt means <zt Exanceastre, Exeter 5. The present charter con- firms indirectly the accuracy of Willibald's assertion and of Freeman's deduction from it. If, as Freeman says, 'Damnonia was conquered from the north, we could hardly bring the West Saxons to Caerwisc [Exeter] in the seventh century, perhaps not in the eighth/ We have proof in this charter that the West Saxons

1 The division into parishes can hardly be older than that into manors, although there are cases where a second manor was created in a parish. The diminutive manors of later times must be left out of the field of discussion. There is a case of the late creation of a parish in the charters relating to Downton, Wilts (CS. i. 47 ; iii. 3). In these charters the boundaries impinge upon those of Britford. There is now a (twelfth century ?) parish of Nunton between them.

2 Adams, ut supra. 3 Adams, p. 13 sqq.

* C. S. Taylor, Analysis of the Domesday Survey of Gloucestershire, 1887, p. 33. 5 Escan- (from Iscd) is an older form than Exan-, which has arisen from the not uncommon OE. change of sc into x.

CHARTER I. 45

were in possession of Crediton in 739, and we may reasonably conclude from the ocal names in the boundaries that they had been there for some time, i. qu§ uidentur . . . aeterna aunt. From 2 Corinth, iv. 18. 5- ad construendum monasterium. The uses of the gifts are similarly expressed in several early charters (CS. i. io826; n313; 121 '; 22221; 22519) Lodge, in the American Essays in Anglo-Saxon Law, Boston,' 1876, page 99, discusses the meaning of this declaration of uses.

6. Cridie. The River Greedy. The name is spelt in the same way in the Domesday Survey, i. 103, 114 b. It is Cridia in the Exon Domesday, p. 124.

7. cum commoditatibus cunctis, &c. Cf. -tfftilbalt of Mercia, A.D. 736 : cum omnibus necessariis ad earn pertinentibus , cum campis siluisque, cum piscariis pratisque (CS. i. 222).

49- Spelman, Concilia, i. 193, says that it is probable that the era of the Incarnation was seldom or never used in diplomas before Bseda's time. Kemble, CD. i. p. Ixxi, has attempted to disprove this, maintaining that the era was introduced into England by Augustine. His arguments are ex- ceedingly weak. It is certain that the era of the Incarnation was not used in papal records until a much later date \ and it is therefore not likely that Augustine would introduce this era into England. Kemble, p. Ixxvi, makes the loose assertion that 'the era of the Incarnation is found in those copies of Gregory's letters which N6<5helm obtained for Bseda from the papal regesta.' He then proceeds to argue that we cannot 'attribute to Bseda the useless labour of attempting to illustrate notum per ignotius, a date that was, by a date that was not, familiar.' It will hardly be credited that the six letters of Gregory given by Bseda are not dated by the Incarnation, but, as we should expect, by the regnal and consular year of the Emperor and by the Indiction2. There are, in addition, three letters of Boniface, and one each of Honorius, John, and Vitalianus without dates3. The sole foundation for Kemble's assertion is the letter of Honorius (II. c. 18). This is dated by the triple imperial year, and by the Indiction, followed by id est, anno Dominicae Incarnationis sexcentesimo tricesimo quarto. Surely this is an explanation added by Baeda in his own phraseo- logy to explain the complex date of the Pope's letter. The absence of the dating by this era from documents prior to Bseda's time is, in spite of Kemble's demurrer (p. Ixxv), a good argument that it was not in use. As Earle has shown (Land Charters, p. xxxiii), this era is not used in genuine undoubted charters until after

1 In fact not until the tenth century ; Harry Bresslau, Handbuch der Urkundcnkhre filr Deutschland u. Italien, Leipzig, 1889, i. 839.

2 Historia Ecclesiastica, I. cc. 23, 24, 28, 29, 30, 32.

3 Ib. II. cc. 8, 10, 12, 17, 19; III. c. 29.

46 NOTES.

Bseda's death, and the present charter is rather an early example of its use1. There are plenty of early charters dated by this era that depend upon later copies, most of which are to be looked upon with suspicion. Ideler2 is, no doubt, correct in his contention that this era was brought into use by Baeda.

52. Cuthredi. CuSred succeeded ^Eftelheard as King of Wessex. He witnesses a Mercian Charter in 732-3 (CS. i. 218").

57. Duddi abbatis. No doubt the Dud abbas who witnesses a Glastonbury Charter in 744 (CS. i. 243 J8).

II.

2 (=1. 10). herepaf*. This is probably the road proceeding from Creedy Bridge by Creedy to Nether Exe and Rewe ; it forms the eastern boundary of the parish of Crediton and the northern boundaries of the parishes of Newton St. Cyres, Upton Pyne, and Brampford Speke.

As there is no reason to believe that this was a Roman road, it is evident that herepafi does not necessarily mean a Roman road, as is frequently asserted. There are three different roads described by this name in these boundaries, and the word is exceedingly common in the charters3. Moreover, we meet with herepdS in charters alongside of, and as something distinct from, the stra>t\ rarely here-str&t* ', which is the usual name for a Roman road. The meaning of here is

1 There is an early example not mentioned by Earle in Baldred of Mercia's charter of 68 1 (CS. i. 96), which is preserved in a very early, if not contemporary, copy.

2 Handbuch der Chronologic, Berlin, 1825, 1826, ii. 376.

3 Herepad still survives as harepath in local names. See below, note to line 18. There is a Harepath (farm?) at Drewsteignton, near Crediton, and a Harepath near Burbage, Wilts. The latter is in the vicinity of Roman roads, but not on one. Cf. the surname Heripath. There is a Hair Lane at Gloucester, which is written Herelone about 1240 (Stevenson, Calendar of the Gloucester Corporation Records, 1893, Nos. 368, 429, &c.). This is a lane joining the Ermine Street by the north gate of the city. Herpath is the name of a road dividing the townships of Ray and Kirkwhelpington, co. Northumberland (Heslop, Northumbrian Glossary, E. D. S., p. 360). HerepaS is sometimes strengthened by prefixing/,?^, 'people' (CS. ii. 270 7, 435 *; iii. 497 1). According to Baigent and Millard, History of Basingstoke, 1889, p. 195, the Ermine Street at Basingstoke is called ' le Herepathe ' in a terrier of circa 1300. We are unable, for want of local knowledge, to check this assertion, but we think it is more probable that the ' Herepathe' was a road running into the Ermine Street. It is worthy of note that the Liber de Hyda translates herepati by lawpathe, legalis semita (CS. ii. 3io36, 31 110). A sealt-herpoQ is mentioned in 931 (lb. ii. 354 ^

* See, for example, CS. i. 47 32; ii. 34 21, 382 22; iii. 336, 123=*, 336 16, 525 18; CD. iv. 49. See also No. XI, line 46.

5 Cp. O.H.G. heri-straza, O. Fries, her-stret. There is a Hare Street (farm?) near Kenner- leigh, probably within the present boundaries, and another near Great Hormead, co. Herts, on the road from Ware to Cambridge. In Edgar's charter to Westminster, A.D. 951 (?97i, below, p. 90), the Roman road from Tyburn to St. Alban's Church, Holborn, which connects the Watling Street (Edgware Road) with London Bridge, is called 'the wide here-strat' (CS. iii. 261 13). The

CHARTER II. 47

' army, warlike band/ not simply ' crowd ' as Sweet assumes ». The etymology of the word (see Kluge, Etymologisches Worterbuch, s.v. 'Heer') shows that the fundamental idea was that of 'a fighting, warlike band/ and it is in this sense that the word is ordinarily used of an ' army/ The restriction in the Chronicle of this word to the Danish invaders is opposed to the view that it was felt as a synonym of folc. Even in Old Norse, where herr has the meaning of 'folk' as well as 'army/ there is evidence, in the statement in the Edda that a hundred persons constitute a herr, of an original restriction in meaning not possessed by folk. The Laws of Ine, § 13, define a band of more than thirty-five as a here. In early times there was very little travelling, and the inhabitants of a district were not so dependent upon made roads as we are, there being few enclosures. Hence the OE. conception of a ' road ' or ' way ' differed considerably from ours. But a large body of men like an army could not con- veniently march across country by the roads that sufficed for local communication, and therefore an army naturally used the Roman roads in the first place, and, where they did not exist, other important roads, whose origin we cannot ascer- tain. Hence it is probable that herepdd means a broad, well-established road, not necessarily Roman, upon which troops could march conveniently.

2 (= I. n). sulhford. This is probably the ford on the Exe just below Fortescue on the boundary of the parish of Brampford Speke. It is, no doubt, the sul-ford mentioned in the boundaries of the adjoining parish of Stoke Canon or ' Hroca-stoc ' in a charter dated 670 for 938 CS. ii. 431 12, 20). It is called ' Sulford ' in No. Ill above. A sulh-ford on the Colne, co. Gloucester, occurs in a charter of 721-743 (Id. i. 240 21). Cf. also the great Pershore charter (Ib. iii. 589 n, 14, ") : czrest of sulanforda . . . in suligcumb . . . eft on sulan broc. Cf. (?) also syleford (Ib. ii. 246 24), syl-weg (CD. iii, 262 20).

The only recorded meaning of sulk in OE. is that of ' plough/ but ' plough- ford ' is not a very likely compound. Sulk is cognate with Latin sulcus, ' furrow.' This meaning is, apparently, preserved in the diminutive sulincel in Wright- Wiilcker, 348 14, ' sulincela, aratiuncula' (for -culas, i Kings xviii. 32 ; cf. Anglia, xiii. 324). Ducange gives the meaning of aratiuncula in late Latin as fossa parua ad instar sulci aratri. If sulincel meant ' a small furrow/ it is probable that sulh meant ' furrow.' In that case, Sulhford would mean a ford approached on one or

road crossing the Icknield Way at Baldock, co. Herts, was evidently called here-strat ; see note to No. XI, line 46. Cf. Laws of Henry I, c. 10, § 2 : omnes htrestrete omnino regis sunt. The almost synonymous fyrd-str&t occurs in CS. iii. 181 25; CD. vi. 2i427, 221 25. This seems to be a road running from the Icknield Way near Bengeworth and Evesham, co. Worcester.

1 Gregory's Pastoral Care, E. E. T. S., pp. 490, 491 : 'Here originally implied nothing more than a crowd . . . herestrat simply means a road for the multitude, without any reference to

48 NOTES.

both sides by a sunk road or gully. Sulk seems to denote such a sunk road (or a furrow) connecting two brooks in a Middlesex charter of 972 : after stan- burnan on sulk, swa on y bur nan ...on sulk eft to p&m ealdan tunstealle (CS. iii. 605 ls). It is also referred to in 957 : andlang strate on cfa deopan fura, ponon inon sulh . . . of hylfes hcecce innon sulc, up ceftcer sulue1 (Ib. iii. i8830; 189 2, 3). A sulgeat is mentioned in a Berkshire charter of 944 (Ib. ii. 558 5), and a sulig graf at Lawern, co. Worcester, in 963 (Ib. iii. 341 23). Cf. Sulwath, the older form of Solway Firth? (Will, of Worcester, Itinerarium, p. 354).

3 (= 1. 12). focgan igejms. These seem to be the eyots at the junction of the Exe and the Greedy. The first part of the name is preserved in Foghays or Voghays, a hamlet adjoining Exwick Barton, in the parish of St. Thomas, Exeter. Foghays is close to the southern boundary of the parish of Upton Pyne, which is, probably, the line pursued by these boundaries. Focgan igepas are called Fogan fiode in No. Ill, line 3. Cf. Foghanger (farm) in Milton Abbott.

The same word appears in focgan crundel (CD. vi. 168 27) &nd/ogga crundel (CD. vi. 1 86 12). The suggestion that /kg* means ' a she-fox ' (cf. Leo, Angels. Glossar, p. 345, and Kluge, FEB., ix. 161, Sievers, ibid. xx. 157 note), has but little to support it. One might be inclined to connect it with the MJLfogge, NE. (dial.) fog ' aftermath, winter grass/ if it were not for the forms focginga byra (CS. i. 480 *},fucgesflodan (CS. ii. 358 19), smd/ucces treow (CS. iii. 344 20) which seem to point to a personal name.

on landscare hrycg. The word landscearu apparently means the line dividing one estate, or portion of an estate, from another, a boundary, a ' gemaire.' As a rule it is applied, as here, to a portion of the boundary, but occasionally seo landscearu is used collectively in the sense of fid landgemceru. Cf. CD. iii. 338* (co. Hants); CS. iii. 660 a (co. Devon) ; Earle, L.C. 296 (co. Cornwall) ; 301 (co. Cornwall).

Kemble (CD. iii. p. xii) asserts that the expression is only found in com- paratively modern charters, and those principally belonging to the extreme South of England. The second part of this statement admits of still more precise formulation : although the word is of frequent occurrence in the charters — we have noted about forty instances of its use— it is only found in the South- Western counties. We have not met with any instance of it in South-Eastern boundaries. Only in one single case2, viz. in a charter of Cnut, 1021-23 (CD. iv. 20 4) referring to land at Newnham, co. Northampton, have we found the word used outside the area mentioned.

1 For suluc ?

2 The charter printed in CS. iii. 238 is there wrongly assigned to Berkshire. The estates referred to are in Dorsetshire.

CHARTER II. 49

With regard to the date of its occurrence, we have not met with it in documents written earlier than the tenth century. The few seventh to ninth century charters in which it is found (CS. i. 48'; ii. 14 12 ; 143', i44") are not originals, being only preserved in chartularies of the twelfth to fifteenth centuries, and it is not impossible that its use is there due to the later scribes. The tenth century charters in which the word is used are very numerous, but, with one exception (CS. iii. 340, A. D. 948), they are all later copies. In documents written in the eleventh century we have found three examples of the word (CS. iii. 660 l ; Earle, L.C. 296, 301). The great majority of instances of the use of landscearu occur, therefore, in quite late MSS. (twelfth to fifteenth century), and this would certainly seem to bear out Kemble's statement.

Of course the evidence here adduced is of a negative character, and it is quite possible that the non-occurrence of the word at an early date is merely the result of accident. In any case, no argument against the genuineness of our first charter can be founded on its use of this word, as its introduction may be due to the later copyist having substituted it for some other term.

In the tenth and eleventh centuries the word appears as landscaru, -scearu ; in the later documents it assumes various forms : land (lond-)sccere, -schere, -share, &c., and from the eleventh century onwards we meet with the spelling landscore (e.g. CD. iv. 20 4, A.D. 1021-3). The last mentioned form is noteworthy, as it cannot have been phonetically developed from landscearu, but is the result of the replacement of -scearu by another word, viz. score (NE. score], a word probably of Scandinavian origin.

According to Halliwell landscearu still survives in Devonshire in the form landshare l the headland of a field/ and Elworthy, West Somerset Word-Book, gives landsherd as meaning ' a ridge or strip of land left unploughed or untilled, either between two crops or to mark a boundary where there is no fence1/ This landsherd represents an older landsher, the d being excrescent, as in millerd, scholar d, Hard ( = ' liar '), which occur in the same dialect.

The other form, landscore, has also survived. Halliwell cites an instance of landscores, and in the Devonshire Directory a Landscore occurs at Crediton and at Teignmouth.

4 (= 1. 1 3). luhan treow. Cf. Luhhan beorh (MS. luhhamb-} in CS. iii. 2 2 7 22, a charter containing other boundaries of the same names as those of this charter (Wonbroc, Stanford, Witiigslced\, see page 42 above, note i. Cf. Luhesford, CS. iii. 176 5; Luhhesgeat, CS. i. 5i518; ii. 49519, 529 27; Luhincwudu, CS. iii. 589 4.

5 (= I. 14). doddan hrycg. There is a Doddridge about three miles to the north-east of Crediton ; but the position does not suit, doddan hrycg should be to

1 In other dialects landmere, from OE. landgemare, is still used with this same meaning. (IV. 7) H

50 NOTES.

the south-east of Crediton. The name Dodda occurs in other place-names, e. g. Doddanford (CD. iii. 2 1 7 10 ; vi. 2 1 3 20), Doddan law (CD. iv. 47 l) &c. The name Dodda, Dudda is elsewhere not unfrequent, and we find instances of its occurrence in Devonshire : a Dodda was one of ^Eftelred's moneyers at Totness, and under Cnut and HarSacnut there was a moneyer of that name in Exeter.

5 (= I. 14). Grendeles pyt. Possibly recorded in the name of Pit Farm (old i -inch Ordnance map), near Whitestone Wood, near the boundary between the parishes of Newton St. Gyres and Whitestone. There is also a Tinpit Hill in Newton St. Cyres, near Shuttern Brook. It is possible that the name still existed in the fifteenth century, as it is called ' Gryndelys Pytte ' in No. III.

Another Grindeles pylt is mentioned in Worcestershire (CS. i. i7627, 177*). The same form occurs in Gryndeles sylle1 at Battersea, co. Surrey (Ib. iii. iSp25), and in Grindlesbec at Beornotfes leah near the River Teme, co. Worcester (Ib. iii. 588 22). The form Grendel occurs in Grendlesmere*, in Wilts (Ib. ii. 364 n) and in Staffordshire (Ib. iii. 22327); and in Grendeles gatan, co. Middlesex (Ib. iii. 605 "). The Grendel in these names is generally identified with the monster in Beowulf. On the meaning of the word, see Jacob Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, 4th ed. 1875, i. 201; Sarrazin, Beowulf -Studien, p. 65; and Paul's Grundriss, i. 1043. The grendel in a Devonshire charter of Edgar's (CS. iii. 336 17,19,24) on grendel . . . anlang grendel . . . on grendel, &c., is the Grindle Brook, which runs into the Clyst at Clyst St. Mary. There is a narrow street in Sheffield called ' Grindelgate/

6 (= I. 15). ifig-bearo, 'ivy-grove.' This hitherto unrecorded compound probably means a grove of ivy-encircled trees. It is treated as an «-stem and forms the dat. in -ra, not -rwe.

hrucgan cumbes ford. This was probably on one of the branches of the Shuttern Brook, by Venny Cleave, that form the boundary of the parish of Newton St. Cyres. There is a Northridge close to Venny Cleave, and a Rudge about \\ miles NW. But neither of these can well be derived from Hrucgan, as, in the absence of umlaut in that word, the eg should be represented by^-, not by dg. A ruggan broc occurs in co. Warwick (CS. i. 179 6); but this may be miswritten for rugan. There is a Rug House in Holcomb Burnel and a Rug road (farm or hamlet) in the parish of Spreyton, both near the boundaries of the present charter, but in positions far away from our Hrucgan cumb. Perhaps Ruggins, a hamlet of West Buckland, co. Somerset, may be compared.

1 Corresponding to the Gryddeles (for Gryndeles •?) elrene of CS. i. 117 27.

2 It might be thought that a Grindks mere is recorded in the Grimdeles-mare in the Huntingdonshire Fens, A. D. 1146-1153, in the i4th cent. Cartular. Monast. de Rameseia, i. 161, but as the name is written Grundksemere in an original charter of 1147 (Cott. Chart., vii. 3; Monasticon, v. 522), it is clear that it is derived from OE. grundleas, 'bottomless' (cf. on fone grundleasan pyt, CS. iii. 395 16).

CHARTER II. 5,

7 (=1. 1 6). earnes hrycg. Known as < Yearnys Rygge' in the fifteenth century (No. III. 7). This may be from the personal name Earn or from earn, 'eagle/ The name of the bird seems to occur in Earna dene (CD. vi. i8621), Earna leak (CS. i. 331 5; ii. 295S95 349 »; CD. vi. i6828). Cf. Earna na>s\ Beowulf, 1. 3032. In all probability Earn-hyll (CD. iii. 279 15) is derived from the bird. The following may be from the bird or from the personal name, the com- position with the genitive favouring the latter derivation : Earnes beam (CS. ii. 114 12); Earnes beorh (Ib. i. 47 » 545 «; ii. 382 l3, 444 "; iii. 3" I2 n); Earms dun(Ib.m. 174 7, 257s1); Earnes hlewe (Ib. iii. i2615); Earnes hlinc (Ib.i. 229 12 ; ii. 437 x) ; Earnes hyrst (Ib. iii. 15 10).

8 (= I. 17). Wealdan cumb. Probably the valley of the Kelland Brook, which is on the line of the Crediton parish boundary. Wealdan cumb was known as ' Weldecome ' in the fifteenth century (No. III. 8).

Tettan burna. This is probably an older name of the Kelland Brook (recorded in the hamlet of Venny Tedburn, in the parish of Crediton ?). It can hardly mean the River Culvery, the name borne by the stream formed by the junction of the Tedburn and Lilly Brook, as the boundary proceeds from Tettan burna up the stream (of the Culvery).

8 (=1. 1 8). stream. The River Culvery.

Lilian broc. The Lilly Brook. The present boundary proceeds up the Culvery to the point where the Lilly Brook and the Tedburn unite, thence proceeding for some little distance up the Tedburn. The boundary in the charter seems to vary slightly from this course. A Lilies ford is mentioned in our No. IV, line 44, but this was in the parish of Sandford, north of Crediton.

The name Lilla is not uncommon in the charters, which record a Lilian hlcewes crundel (CS. iii. i745, 257 29), a Lilian hrycg (Ib. iii. 309 16), a Lilan mere (Ib. ii. 118 2e), and a Lilian welle (Ib. ii. 205 6). This name is immortalized by the heroic devotion of the Northumbrian thegn of this name (Bseda, Hist. Eccl. II. c. 9). It belongs to an unexplained class of Germanic personal names, which are characterized by the initial consonant being doubled after an intermediate vowel. They usually end with the hypocoristic suffix -a. The vowels of the root-syllable are not regulated by the laws of ablaut. Instances of such names are : Batta9 Bebb, Bibba, Bobba, Bubba ; Dodda, Didda, Dudda ; Lilla, Lulla ; Nunna ; Pibba, Pippa; Tetta, Tilta, Tot, Totta (— TorhthelmT). As the great majority of these names occur only in hypocoristic forms, it is evident that they are not proper name-stems. Possibly some of them are formed by regressive assimilation, just as we form Bob from Robert.

Can the y in Lilly Brook represent the inflexional -an ? Compare such Devonshire names as Darniford (OE. *dyrnan fordo), Bradiford (OE. *bradanforda\

H a

52 NOTES.

Bdbbicombe (OE. *Babban cumb], Puddicombe and Shorticombe. Or does it arise from the tendency of the South Western dialects to add an i or y at the end of certain classes of words, and especially between the two parts of compound place-names J?

9 (= 1. 19). middelhrycg. This is probably the ridge of land between the Lilly Brook and the Tedburn.

10 (= I. 19). herepaSford. This ford was probably at the crossing of the Tedburn by the road along the 'middelhrycg' from St. Mary Tedburn to Crediton. The name is, no doubt, recorded in Lower and Higher Harford, hamlets in the immediate vicinity. The site here suggested is on the parish boundary of Crediton and St. Mary Tedburn.

cyrtlan geat. This must have been somewhere between the hamlets of Hembeer and Higher Berry. Higher Berry Camp, which might possibly be the *cyrtla or *cyrtle, is not on the modern boundary of Crediton, which hereabouts does not seem to correspond exactly with that of the charter.

Nothing is known of the meaning of *cyrtla or *cyrtfet which occurs, ap- parently, elsewhere in local names. Kirtlington, co. Oxford, is in Domesday Chertelintone, Certelintone, Cherielintone, Cortelintone (J. L. G. M., Notes on the Oxfordshire Domesday, Oxford, 1892). Kirtling, co. Cambridge, called Chertelinge in Domesday, and Kirklington, co. Notts, 4n Domesday Cherlinton, and Kirk- lington co. York, may perhaps be compared (Kirklinton, co. Cumberland is Kirk Linton). The Nottinghamshire Cortlingstock may also be connected. It does not seem probable that *cyrtla or *cyrtle represents the Frankish-Latin curtilla or cur tile, as the meaning of these words was covered by the OE. weorcftg. Cf. Laws of Ine, c. 40. If *cyrtla or *cyrtle be a substantive, the mention of its gate in the boundaries would be parallel to that of the hagan get of line 4.

11 (= I. 20). on suran apuldre, 'sour apple-tree or crab/ This was, probably, in the neighbourhood of Higher Berry Camp.

Apple-trees are frequently mentioned in OE. charters, both with and without qualification. The 'sour apple-tree' occurs in CS. i. 229"; ii. 270 28; 436 42; 438 29. The 'sweet apple-tree' is mentioned in CS. iii. 232 36 (to fiare swete apuldre). The 'hoar-apple-tree' is referred to in CS. ii. 41*, 295 31 ; iii. 529, 6326; 303 35; 'broad apple-tree' in iii. 352 20; 'twisted apple-tree' in ii. 79 6; ' long apple-tree ' in iii. 586 8 ; ' rough apple-tree ' in ii. 585 3 ; ' large apple-tree ' in iii. 655 36. There was an apple-tree in 969 at the junction of the boundaries of Woburn and Wavendon, co. Bucks, and of Apsley, co. Bedford (CS. iii. 517 23).

1 Cf. Elworthy (West Somerset Word- Book, E. D. S. 1886, p. xvii), who also cites the pronunciations Foxydown, Dartymoor. A similar tendency is recorded for the dialect of the Hundred of Berkeley, co. Gloucester, in the i ;th cent, by J. Smyth ; cf. The Berkeley MSS,, ed. by Sir J. Maclean, Gloucester, 1885, iii. 23.

CHARTER II. 53

The OE. name of the apple-tree is recorded in the Devonshire local names Appledore at Clannaborough, near Crediton, and Appledore near Bideford. South Appledore, a tithing of Burlescombe, but in Halberton Hundred, co. Devon, is an interesting corruption of (<z/) suran apuldre. It was still called Sourapledere in 1316, according to the Nomina Villarum, p. 387 a. A manor of Surapla, co. Devon, is mentioned in the Exon Domesday, p. 368.

The OE. word occurs in two forms: apuldre, weak feminine (^Elfrics Grammar, ed. Zupitza, p. 20, $eos apuldre ; CS. ii. 79 6, on pa . . . apoldran, of per e apoldran; cf. also CS. i. 229"; ii. 270 ?8, 436 42; iii. 303 35; 352 20, &c.) ; and apuldur, -dor, -der, strong fern. ( Wright- Wiilcker, 3 1 3l apuldur ; CS. ii. 542 3 offare apuldre; cf. also ii. 585 3; iii. 52 \ 63* 164 21, 232 86, 240 7, &c). The former corresponds to the OHG. affollra, which is also a weak fern., and the latter to the ONorse apaldr, a strong masculine. No doubt the OE. apuldor was originally masculine, like the Scandinavian form, but its gender has been influenced by the weak apuldre. We have noted but one instance in which the old gender has been preserved, viz. CS. iii. 586 8, on pone longan apuldre (for -der), ofpam apuldre.

grenan weg. Probably the road from the Okehampton road to Black Down Plantation near Posbury, which passes by Higher Berry Camp.

12 (= I. 21). wulfpyt. 'Wolf-pits' are mentioned about 765 at Stanmer, co. Sussex (CS. i. 280 20); in 829, 939, and 956 at Droxford, Hants (Id. i. 548 20; ii. 460 41; iii. I3421); in 955 at Chalk, co. Wilts (Id. iii. 84 15); in 955-9 at Alveston, co. Gloucester (Ib. iii. ii331); in 1033 at Polhampton, Hants (CD. iv. 49 7); in 1062 at Passefield, co. Essex? (Ib. iv. 157"); and in 1004 at Little- bury, co. Essex (Lib. Elien., p. 175). Probably an artificial excavation or pitfall for catching wolves, although it may merely mean a depression in the ground haunted by wolves, a wolfs lair.

Woolpit, near Stowmarket, Suffolk, derives its name from ' wolf-pit/ as it is recorded in Domesday as Wlfpetta (vol. ii. p. 362 b). A wulf-sead or wolf-pit occurs at Broadwas, co. Worcester, about A. D. 779 (CS. i. 326 20), and in 978-92 at Bredicot (CD. iii. 264 5). The wulf-hagan of 959 at ' Ermundeslea ' or Appleton, co. Berks (CS. iii. 258 26), and of 972 at ' Longandun,' co. Worcester (Ib. iii. 587 20) were probably enclosures or 'haws' to protect the flocks from wolves. The first example describes the wulf-hagan as ' old.' Other compounds into which the name of the wolf enters are: wulfbeorh, CS. ii. 8i16, 5i280; iii. 48 14; wulfa broc, CS. iii. i633, I3732; wulvesburghe, CS. iii. 43 19; wulfcumb, CS. ii. 23215 (cf. wulfcumbes heafod, Charter I. 1. 36); wulfandun, CS. i. I7629; wulfflodan, CS. ii. 482 3l; wolftate, CS. ii. 47* 36 5 wulfhlype, CD. iv. 157 3:i; wulfhricg, CS. iii. 1 13 3 ; wulfhylle, CD. iii. .279 29 ; wulfleag, CS. i. 342 5 ; ii. 295 38 ; wulfa leag, CS. ii. 490 ]6; wulfmere, CS. i. 388 ' ; wulfa mere, CS. iii. 556 25,

54 NOTES.

558 35 ; CD. iii. 292 16 ; wulforan, CS. iii. 10 l3 ; ii. 301 17 ; wolfpol, CS. ii. 512 30; wulfslczd, CS. iii. 212 31 ; CD. iii. 456 6; wulfwcelles, CS. ii. 34 24. Some of these may be from the personal names Wulf, Wulfa.

oj> J?a laca tolicga}>. The junction of the brook at Eastford with the Fordbrook near Tillerton, or the junction of the brooks from Langridge, Cadaford Moor, and West Down, which form the brook at Eastford. The Crediton boundary follows the united streams until they flow into the Fordbrook.

The word lacu here means ' stream/ not 'lake.' Cf. CS. iii. 62 4 19, boundaries of Copplestone, near Crediton : adune on Secgbroc off seo lacu scyt west panon ut on hczfifeld. Cf. also CS. ii. 54 i 26. This meaning has survived until the present day in the south-west of England. In the modern dialects of Devonshire, Cornwall, and Somersetshire, the word lake is not applied to a pond or sheet of standing water, but is always used of running streams. Numerous instances of its use in this sense may be found in the Ordnance maps of Devon.

14 (= I. 23). sceaftrihte, ' in a straight line/ Cf. Charter IV. 1. 42, 44, &c. Also CS. iii. 336s2 franon west sceftrihte (also a Devonshire charter). The word is not recorded in the dictionaries.

air, ' alder/ Aller is a very common local name in Devonshire, but we have been unable to identify this one.

on hlypan. Two forms of this word are met with: hlyp, strong fern., and hlype, weak fern. (?). It occurs both alone and preceded by names of persons (Freobarnes, Wullafes, presta, &c., hlyp}, and is not uncommon in compounds of which the first element is the name of an animal or bird (swealewan-, hinde-, wulf -hlype). It is also found as the first part of compounds where it is followed by a noun denoting some common boundary mark, like cumb, burna, geat. It is not impossible that we have here more than one word. The meaning ' leap/ which is sometimes given to it, certainly does not suit in all cases. In the case of hindehlype one might think of something like a ' deer-leap/ a ditch over which the deer could get one way, but not back, and hlypgeat might mean a gate in such a line of enclosure. Unfortunately the prepositions into, cet, which we find used with hindehlype, point rather to an enclosed space than to a mere line. Cf. also CS. iii. 443 18, f synd MI. hida J>e fram cupum mannum hindehlep is gehaten.

The following are instances : I. Hlyp, strong fern., into presta hlype . . . to Freobearnes hlype . . . to ficere celdan hlype . . . of flare hlype . . . into sEfierices hlype . . . into wulfhlype (CD. iv. 157) ; J>e . . . hindehlep is gehaten (CS. iii. 443 18); on hindehlyp . . . of hindehlype (CD. iv. ip24)/ clifhlep, -hlyp (Wright- Wiilcker, 39 J, 469 *). — II. Hlype, weak fern. (?), to preoftan lypan (CS. ii. 310 25) ; to swacan hlypan (CD. iv. 2720); to Wullafes hlipan (CS. iii. 33 8); to (at, &c.) hindehlypan (Ib. i.

CHARTER II.

342 3; ii. 541 2); on swealewan hlypan (CD. iv. 27 13).— III. Compounds- hlyp*et (CS. i. 502 1»; ii. 354^, 474 » 575*2 . {il ^ » 212^ ^ 4> 5g626. ^ in. i8o26, &c.); ^Ifwines hlieat Ib. iii. 20 26 19 -

in. i8o26, &c.); ^Ifwines hlipgeat (Ib. iii. 320 26); /^^ (7J. iii. 204 1 - on hlypeburnan (CS. iii. 288 36). Cf. also hleapmere (Ib. i. 82 :i7).

The word probably exists in these modern local names : Lipe Hill, West Buckland, Somerset; Lype Hill, near Luxborough, Somerset; Lepe, about two miles east of Exbury, Hants; Leapyate, Upper Wraxhall, Wilts; Lypyate, near Holcombe, Somerset ; and Clerken/^ near Powick and Kempsey, co. Worcester ; Bird/z> and Post/z>, co. Gloucester; Islip (* Gihtes-hlypt), co. Oxford; and Hindlip, co. Worcester. Cf. (?) Devil's Leap, Doddinham, co. Worcester.

suj> ofer, 'southwards over it' (i.e. the Air). Cf. Alfred's Orostus, ed. Sweet, 244 2, he eode to pare burge wealle, 7 fleah ut ofer, pat he eall tobarst.

byrccumbes heafod. This seems to have been known as ' Brygcombes heauyd ' in the fifteenth century (No. III. 15).

15 (= I. 24). hananford. There is a Honyford (farm or hamlet) about a mile west of Cheriton Bishop. This might possibly record the hananford, but it is not on the parish boundary. If hananford was on the line of the modern boundaries, it was probably on the brook between Hooke and Caddiford. Honyford is probably derived from hunig, like Honeybourne. There is a Hanna- ford, west of Kenn, and another in Swimbridge, co. Devon. Cf. hananwelle, hananwurfie (CS. ii. 232 9).

1 6 (= I. 26). Eowan. The River Yeo. The modern boundary of Crediton touches the boundary of Hittesleigh just above the crossing of the Yeo by the road from Cheriton Bishop to Hittesleigh, near West Pitton. From here the Hittesleigh boundary ascends the Yeo for nearly a mile. It then makes a bend westward, returning to the Yeo near Fursham. From this point the Yeo forms the boundary between Cheriton Bishop and Drewsteignton.

17 (= I. 26). eorjjgeberst, 'a landslip, chasm in the ground.' It seems to have been still known as yeorpberst in the fifteenth century (No. III. 18). This compound is not recorded in Bosworth-Toller, where only the uncompounded geberst is cited from Cockayne's Leechdoms ; the word does, however, occur elsewhere in the charters: CS. ii. 557 28, up to pam eorfigeberste ; Ib. ii. 579 1S, on thar eorfibriste ; Ib. iii. 531 31, in pat eorpebyr st, ofpon eordgebyrste.

17 (= I. 17). on grenan dune. This name is probably preserved in Grendon, a hamlet in the extreme west of the parish of Cheriton Bishop, near Whiddon Down, and close to the road from Okehampton to Exeter. Grendon is close to the head of the Yeo, the present boundary between the parishes of Cheriton Bishop and Drewsteignton.

18 (= I. 27). herepajx Probably the road from Okehampton to Exeter;

56 NOTES.

see preceding note. The name is preserved in Harepath, a hamlet immediately south of the road, in the parish of Drewsteignton.

Puttan stapul. From the personal name Putta. This was probably in the vicinity of Puddicombe, which lies between the herepad and Drewsteignton, if this name be derived from * Puttan cumb. Cf. Puttan . . . ealh (CS. i. 3i510), Puttan crundell (Ib. i. 3i614), and Puttan pytt (Ib. iii. 52 29).

19. Stanford on Eowan. This second mention of this ford does not occur in No. I, which goes directly from Beornwyn's tree to Bucgan ford. If it be not a mistake in No. II, another Stanford on eowan must be meant, as otherwise the land encircled by the boundaries since the previous mention of Stanford must have been entirely cut off from the other land conveyed by the charter.

19 (= I. 28). Beornwynne treow. From the fern, personal name Beornwyn. Cf. Beornwyne stan (CS. iii. 33 *), and Beormvynne dene (Ib. iii. 586 29). With the form Beornwunne in No. I may be compared Sigewunne die (Ib. ii. 232 10). The linking of personal names with trees in the boundaries in OE. charters is very common.

20 (= I. 28). Bucgan ford. There is a Bugford Bridge on the (western) River Yeo, we?t of Morchard Bishops, but this, of course, cannot be the Bucgan

ford of our charters. There is a Budbrook (farm or hamlet) in the parish of Drewsteignton, close to the Woodbrook brook. Budbrook was, no doubt, the name of an affluent of the latter, taking its rise near the farm or hamlet. Bud- brook may possibly be derived from an older Bucgan-broc by an inverse process to that by which our bug, ' cimex/ has been supposed to have arisen from OE. budda.

Bucgan-ford contains the rare OE. fern, personal name Bucge (or masc. Bucga 1). A poem of Aldhelm's is entitled De basilica aedificata a Bugge filia regis Angliae. She was, as we learn from line 2, a daughter of King Cent wine (of Wessex). Bucge occurs in 736-737 (CS. i. 225 19) and in 772 (Ib. i. 297 12 ; 298 15). The first of these is noticeable for having led Kemble to make the astounding suggestion that this ' was a familiar, though not very graceful name/ meaning cimex, ' perhaps upon the principle of that insect being also a " familiar beast and friend (!) to man"' (Proceedings of the Archaeolcg. Institute at Win- chester~, 1845, p. 96. See English Historical Review, iv. 354, note 2). A masc. Buca occurs in 727 (CS. i. 213 3), but, unless it be a mistake for Bucga, this name cannot be connected with the one now under consideration. The only full- name recorded is Buggild, in Buggilde str&t, now Buckle Street, part of the Icknield Way, near Evesham (CS. i. i8421; CD. vi. 220), elsewhere called Buc- gan, Buggan slrcBt (CS. iii. 479, 480; CD. iii. 396 15). As these charters are late copies, it is probable that the name was Burghild, not Buggild. The (Latinized)

CHARTER II. 57

Sugga, according to Stark, Die Kosenamen der Germanen, Vienna, 1868, p. 14 represents the full-name Eadburga, in the epistles of S. Boniface (Wi'nefriS)! But it could, of course, be a hypocoristic form of any name (masc. or fern.) commencing with Burg or of any fern, name ending with that word. It occurs frequently in compounds mentioned in boundaries. A Somersetshire Buchan (=Bucgan 1)ford occurs in CS. ii. 74 23. There is a Bughead Cross lying to the west of Moreton Hampstead, co. Devon.

Brunwoldes treow. This was still known, apparently, in the fifteenth century as 'Brymwoldys tree' (No. III. 20). The OE. brun in compound local names is preserved in many cases as Brim.

21 (—1. 29). Won broc. This is probably the stream running by Wood- brooke into the Teign at Clifford Barton. The northern boundary of the parish of Drewsteignton proceeds from near Grendon along the Okehampton road to the point where that road crosses this stream ; the boundary then goes down the stream to the Teign. The boundaries given in the charter between Grendon and the Won broc do not, apparently, agree with the modern boundary. Wood- broke might possibly be a corruption of Wonbroc, through the form * Woobrook. The won broc of CS. iii. 22722 is one of several names contained in the charter there printed that agree in name but not in position with some of the features of the Crediton boundaries.

(Cf. I. n). andlanges, formed from andlang with adverbial ending -es, occurs elsewhere in the charters: CS. i. ifp7; ii. 41 5, 60 28, 305 *, 494"; iii. 290 31, 476 18, 496 33, 4972, 528° (olluncges\ 532*; CD. iii. 172 M, 320" (onlonghes) ; vi. 168 23, 217 5. For later forms, see NED. s. v. alongst.

21 (= I. 30). Teng. The River Teign. Although thus spelt in both versions of the boundaries, it is probably mis-written for Tegn \ The latter form is recorded in the form Tegntun, King's (?) Teignton, in the Parker MS. of the Chronicle, A.D. 1001, and in the manor-names Teigna in the Exon Domesday, pp. 126, 274. It is also confirmed by the modern name of the river.

22 (= I. 30). Pajrford. This is probably recorded, in a very corrupt form, in Parford, a hamlet in Drewsteignton. The ford was, in this case, probably where the road from Easton crosses the Teign. Cf. Patforda, Exon D. B. pp. 421, 428.

Francan cumb. If the preceding identification be correct, this must have been the name of a combe north of Parford. There is a Frankford (East and West) in the parish of Whitestone, some distance to the NE. of Parford. Cf. Frankaborough in Broadwood Widger, co. Devon.

The personal name Fronka is recorded in the Durham Liber Vitae (0. E. T. p. 155 53). Frankley, co. Worcester (Franchelie, D. B. i. 177, c. 2), Frankton, co.

1 Metathesis of g and n is not uncommon, cf. Sievers, § 185, and PBB. ix. 216.

(iv. 7) i

58 NOTES.

Warwick (Franchetone, ib. i. 239, 240), and Frankton, co. Salop (Franchetone, Ib. i. 255), may be from Franca (*Franc).

22 (= I. 31). Drosncumb. Probably Drascombe, in the parish of Drew- steignton. The fifteenth-century boundaries have the form ' Droscomb.'

The OE. drosn has no recorded meaning except that of ' dregs, sediment/ and the remark holds good of the cognate OHG. truosana^ NHG. Drusen. If it had been possible to connect drosn with OE. dreosan ' to fall,' it might have been assumed that it meant 'slope/ like Gothic driuso, or 'landslip/ but the phonology of the word absolutely forbids the connexion.

23 (= I. 31). Deormere. Probably the small lake called 'Bradmere Pool' on the old one-inch Ordnance map, and ' Bradford Pool ' on the new one. The line of boundary from Parford, above indicated, is slightly to the east of the Drew- steignton parish boundary. As Deormere is written Deremere in the fifteenth- century version of the boundaries, it is probable that the name still existed.

23 (= I, 32). on langan stan. This can scarcely be Longstone in the adjoining parish of Throwleigh, which is nearly two miles distant from Bradmere or Bradford Pool.

24 (= I. 32). Hurran cumb. Probably Hollycombe, in the parish of Spreyton, called Hollacomb in the old one-inch Ordnance map. Kelly's Devonshire Directory mentions a Horracombe at Spreyton, which does not appear on the maps, and is, therefore, probably identical with Hollycombe. Hollycombe is near the Drewsteignton boundary, which does not, apparently, agree with the line indicated in the charter. There is a Horrabridge in Buckland Monachorum, and another in Whitchurch, co. Devon.

24 (= I. 33). riscford. Probably Hollycombe Ford on the river Troney, at the junction of the Spreyton and Drewsteignton boundaries. There is a Rushford Barton, Mill, and Bridge in the parish of Chagford close to Parford, but they cannot very well derive their name from the riscford of the charter.

25 (= I. 33). Nymed. The course of the boundaries from Hurran cumb and riscford is very doubtful. If they include the parish of Spreyton and follow its western boundary, they should proceed across country from Hollycombe to the (western) River Yeo and down that river to Coxmoor. In this case the nymed may be, as it seems undoubtedly to be, in line 31, the River Yeo itself. If, however, Spreyton is excluded, and the boundaries follow the western boundary of the parish of Hittesleigh, then the nymed may be the River Troney. There are grounds, as will be seen below, for identifying each river with this name. With either alternative, we have to assume that on nymed means ' to the river, and along the river/ which is certainly an unusual meaning. As Spreyton is not included in the Hundred of Crediton, whilst Hittesleigh is, the probabilities

CHARTER II. 59

incline in favour of the exclusion of Spreyton. The name of this nymed seems to have been unknown in the fifteenth century, for No. III. 26, writes nimed instead of nimet, the form then borne by the other places called by this name.

The name of the Nymed is preserved in the various ' Nymets ' dotted about the country by the sides of the (western) river Yeo and the river Troney. On the six-inch Ordnance map we find Nymet Wood in Hittesleigh, abutting upon the Troney, Nymet Cross in the same parish, Broad Nymet, Nymet Barton, Nymet Wood, Nymet Chapel at Bow or Nymet Tracy. The hamlet or farm by Nymet Wood, Hittesleigh, called ' Easterbrook ' on the new Ordnance map, is called Nymph on the old one-inch. This seems, therefore, to be a corruption of Nymet (cf. the Gloucestershire Nymphsfa\& from Nymdes-feld). This form occurs in Nymph and West Nymph at South Tawton, Nickels Nymph at North Tawton, and Nymphays at Zeal Monachorum. All these are to the west of the (western) Yeo, but in its vicinity. There is also a Nymph at Spreyton. These are all near enough to the Troney or the Yeo to derive their name from those rivers. Nymet Rowland is further afield, but as it lies close to the junction of the river Taw and of the river formed by the Yeo and the Dalch, it is not impossible for it to derive its name from the Yeo. King's Nympton, Nympton St. George, and Bishop's Nympton are some distance to the north of Nymet Rowland. They are by the river Mole, which flows into the Taw some considerable distance below Nymet Rowland. We can hardly assume that the Mole was also known as Nymed. It would be easier to account for this diffusion of the name in a limited district on the theory that Nymed was the name of a forest ; it can hardly have been a common noun. But we see from line 31 of our boundaries that the Nymed was a stream. The same Nymed seems to be clearly a stream in the boundaries 'set Nymed' (Down St. Mary?) in CS. iii. 624 21: ffanon adune andlang streames off riscbroc scyt on nymed ; franon east on riscbroc, as scyt in the boundaries generally means 'flows.'

A Nimet is mentioned in a Glastonbury charter of A.D. 744 (CS. i. 24225), and a Nymede (the same as above?) occurs at Lottesham, Somerset (Ib. ii. 14"). A Somersetshire Nymed is mentioned in the Bath manumissions (Thorpe, Diplo- matarium, p. 644 19). The Nymdesfeld of A.D. 872 (CS. ii. 151 26) is the present Nymphsfield, co. Gloucester.

As regards the form of the word, the spelling nymed is probably the correct one. It is not only the spelling of our No. II, which preserves the distinction between older jy and i better than No. I, but it is also thus written in the tenth- century ' jet Nymed ' charter cited above. The other charters, with the exception of the Bath manumissions, containing this word are all late copies. Yet two out of three of them retain the y, which we may therefore conclude to be original.

I 2

60 NOTES.

This being the case, the word cannot be equated with the Old Low Franconian nimtd, ' sacred grove/ in the Indiculus Paganiarum, although it may be cognate with it. Fick, Vergleich. Worterb. der indogerm. Sprachen, 4th ed. i. 97, connects this Franconian nimtd with Zend nema, nemata, nimata, ' grass, meadow/ As the name occurs in a Celtic district, it may be of Celtic origin. It may be from the Celtic nemeton (Welsh nemet, nevet, Breton nemet, ' silva, quae uocatur Nemet ' ; C. W. Gliick, Die bei C. I. Caesar vorkommenden keltischen Namen, p. 17). The word seems to have meant ' sacred grove,' and, secondarily, « temple/ undergoing the same development as hgrgr has done in ONorse, as evidenced by the retention of the original meaning of grove by OE. hearh and OHG. haruc.

25 (= I. 33). healre dune. This can scarcely be Hillerton, in the parish of Bow, spelt ' Helliton ' on the old one-inch Ordnance map. It is close to the boundary of Spreyton. The fifteenth-century boundaries write ' Alre down ' (No. III. 26).

The first word seems, to occur only in the great Pershore charter in to healre mere (CS. iii. 587 3S). As mere is masc., healre cannot be, as might at first sight appear, a strong dat. fern, adjective, and it is, moreover, the weak form that is required in this position. Nor can it well be a form of healh, as it is considered to be in the glossary to Earle's Land Charters.

25 (= I. 34). waernan fasten, 'the wren's fastness'? It may, however, be from *Werna, a hypocoristic personal name (cf. Uern-frith, -bercht, -bald, -gyth, -dryd in the Durham Liber Vitae). The wren seems to be meant in Wrcennan leak (CS. iii. 451). The following may be compared: on wernan broc, donne on wrennan wylle, co. Wilts (Ib. ii. 65 26); wernan wylle, co. Berks (Ib. ii. 5I61); on war nan hylle, co. Berks (Ib. iii. 22836); and wernan ford . . . wernan sir em, co. Somerset (Ib. iii. 609 7). These names have been derived from the Warm' (OE. dat. pi. Wernum, Wcernum, Widsi<S, 25, 29), the neighbours of the Angles in Germany, by Seelmann, Jahrbuch des Vereins fur niederdeutsche Sprach-

forschung, Jahrgang 1886, p. 23. The use of the gen. sing, forbids this derivation.

26 (= I. 34). ciddan ford. This cannot be Cfa'dderibrook near Crediton, as the latter is too far away from the parish boundaries. There is a Kiddicott on the six-inch Ordnance map in the parish of Bow, lying east of Nymet Wood by the river Troney, and close to the western boundary of Colebrooke. There are here two fords, one of them being on the parish boundary. If the latter was the Cyddan

ford1 of this charter, it is clear that the boundaries excluded Spreyton and Bow. There is a Chiddencombe farm south of Bicknoller, co. Somerset.

1 Kiddicott represents, no doubt, an OE. *Cyddan-cot, from the personal name Cydda (CS. i. 371 ", 388 31). If Cyddan ford is connected with Kiddicott, we should have to adopt the spelling Cyddan of No. I.

CHARTER II. 61

26 (= I. 35). Carfcan grarfan. Can Ccefca be a hypocoristic name with the suffix ica ? The adj. ^suggests itself as a likely one for a name-stem, but there is no proof of its use. The Caua of the Durham Liber Vitae can scarcely be related.

There is a C haf combe (farm or hamlet), in the parish of Down St. Mary, and Chaffcombe Cross, on the road from Copplestone to Clannaborough, marks the boundaries of these two parishes. This could only be connected with cafcan by the assumption that that word is mis-written for ceafcan. The Exon Domesday, p. 462, mentions a manor of Chefecoma and a Caffecoma at p. 127. Both these forms represent a guttural and not an assibilated initial. Chaffcombe is a con- siderable distance from Kiddicott, so that the identifications of these places with Ciddan-ford and Ccefcan grcefan are incompatible.

The word grcefa, -e (weak masc. or fern. ?) appears to mean ' bush, bramble, brushwood, thicket, grove.' We have noted the following instances of its occurrence: Wright- Wiilcker 406 ss and 526" frondosis dumis — pcem gehilmdum grcefum } 5 1 7 se per dumos = frurh grcefan ; 2 2 5 24 dumas = spinas uel grcefe (have we here a strong fern. graft)', CS. ii. 364 8 (original charter, A.D. 931) on $a blacan grcefan (either ace. sing. fern, or ace. plur.); CS. iii. 655 12 (Codex Winton.) on hincstes grefan, of hincstes grafan * . . . on ponne mearcgrefan. The same word is found once in the Ormulum (1. 9210): —

j whtsrse iss all unnsmefie gett J>urrh bannkess j ]>urrh grtzfess, j sharrp 7 ruhh j gatelces J>urrh }orrness j fiurrh breress, far shtilenn beon ridinngess nu, j effne j smej>e wejjess.

The context shows that close impenetrable thickets are here meant. The same word occurs frequently throughout the ME. period in the form greve, meaning ' grove, wood' : cf. Chaucer's Knight's Tale, 1. 637 :—

And -With his stremes dryeth in the greves The silver drapes, hanging on the leves.

Palsgrave, 1530, gives ' greave or busshe, boscaige', and this form survived until Elizabethan times. As a suffix it still exists in Sheffield local names a.

The word is probably related to the OE.,£r0/rmasc. neut., which occurs in the charters 3, and which survives as NE. grove, the v of which, however, rather points to an OE. feminine graf\ or to a weak *grafa, -e, than to a masc., or neut.^r^ which should have become *grofe in Modern English. Compare, however, the

1 Kemble (CD. iii. I3427) prints this as grafan.

2 S. O. Addy, Sheffield Glossary, E. D. S., p. 95-

» It is found in CS. ii. i998, 241 38, '45 *, 54°35; iii. 486", 53* 10, 5™", 589ia; CD. m. 261° ; Earle, Land Charters, pp. 239 «, 248" etc.

* Does the Latinized grava 'lucus' point to the use of graf as a feminine?

315.

62 NOTES.

form grafan cited above. Moreover the v might be due to the influence of the form greve.

Orm's grafess, standing, as it does, at the end of a line, where the metre only permits words of the form — w, show that the CB must represent a long root vowel in OE. ; and his spelling with ce, as well as that of the OE. recorded instances, prove that the correct OE. form was gr&f-, not gref-, which latter spelling we have only met with in the late twelfth-century Codex Wintoniensis. An OE. <z corresponds both to a Primitive Germanic a and az, and if, as is highly probable, the word is connected with graf, it must in this instance be the latter. But in neither case can the word be connected with grafan ' to dig, to grave, to carve/ or graf ' a grave, trench, hole/ which belong to an entirely different ablaut series. The explanation of grafa in Bosworth-Toller, as ' pit, cave, hole/ and of Orm's grafess in Holt's edition as ' ditches/ is obviously based on the assumption of such a connexion and is therefore untenable. The gr&fe ' speluncam ' quoted in the former work (s.v.grte/a) from Matth. (Lindisfarne) xxi. 13, is the dative of gr&f'a. grave, &c.,' in spite of the accent over the ^, whilst the grcefan (twcelffocfur grafan] in the Peterborough Chronicle, an. 852, standing as it does between sixtiga fofira wuda and sexfofiur gearda, evidently means ' brushwood ' (and not ' coal/ or, as Earle suggests, ' gravel ') and affords another instance of our grafa or gr&fe.

27 (= I. 36). stanbeorg. The fifteenth-century boundaries (No. III. 29) call this ' Stansbrygg ' and ' Stanbrugge/ but this is probably merely a substitution of ' bridge ' for the obsolete beorg of the old boundaries. The latter would be more likely to assume the usual West of England form ' burrow ' or ' borough.'

28 (= L 36, 37). caerswille, 'cress-well.' As this is written ' Carswyll' in the fifteenth-century version (No. III. 29), it is possible that the name still existed. There is a Kerswell (farm ?) in the parish of Crediton Fitzpaine, according to the old one-inch Ordnance map. The name occurs elsewhere in Devon in Abbots Kerswell or Carswell, Kingskerswell, Kerswell Rocks, Chudleigh, and Kerswell in Broadhembury and in South Brent. Outside Devon it occurs in the form CresswelL There is a hamlet of Carswell in Buckland parish, co. Berks.

28 (= I. 37). dytSford. There is a Diddy Mill in Sandford, and a Tfcflake in the parish of Thelbridge, but neither of these is in the position required for Dyfiford. Cf. Didworthy in South Brent, Didland in East Down, and Diddywell in Northam, co. Devon. The word dy$ occurs in dypmere, co. Berks (CS. iii. 234 28, 279 29). Cf. dyddanporn, fyddanfiorn, co. Hants (Ib. ii. 245 23, 24).

29 (= I. 37). dices get. The 'Dychys yeate' of the fifteenth- century version suggests that this name still existed at that time. Ditcheat, co. Somerset, is from dices geat (CS. ii. 13 18) ; this is, no doubt,, the Dicesget of the Exon Domesday, pp. J57» 483- There is a Ditchett in the parish of Rose Ash, north of Crediton.

CHARTER II. 63

30 (= I. 38). Egesan treow. This was probably in the vicinity of the Eisan (= Egesan) dun mentioned in the boundaries of Nymed (Down St. Mary ?) in CS. m. 624 17. This was on the hereptf west of Copplestone, which evidently means the road from Copplestone to Bow, the present boundary between Clannaborough and Down St. Mary. Does the latter derive its name from ' Egesa's down ' ?

'Egesan treow' might mean 'tree of terror/ but this seems improbable, especially as there is also an ' Egesan down ' in its vicinity. It is better to derive it from the personal name Egisa (CS. i. 68 2l), a shortened form of some name in Egt's-, like Egis-berht, Eges-noti, Agesmund. An Egsa ford occurs in CS. ii. 167 19, and an Egsan mor in iii. 590 10.

30 (not in I), riscbroc, scipbroc. These brooks, or other brooks of the same names in the immediate neighbourhood, are mentioned in the boundaries of Nymed (Down St. Mary?) in CS. iii. 624. But whilst in our boundaries the riscbroc falls into the scipbroc, and the scipbroc into the nymed, in the Nymed boundaries the riscbroc flows into the nymed, and the scipbroc into the riscbroc. In the latter the scipbroc is named at Copplestone : it seems to be the riscbroc of our charter, for the boundary between Down St. Mary and Crediton goes by Copplestone down a brook by the railway side, running into the Ash Brook and the Knathorn Brook. These united brooks, under the name of Knighty Brook, flow into the (western) River Yeo near Lapford. The boundaries of Down St. Mary, on the one side, and of Crediton, Sandford, and Morchard Bishop, on the other, follow these brooks up to the junction with the Yeo.

The Exon Domesday, pp. 364, 461, mentions Eschipabroca, Eschipebroca.

31 ( = I. 39). nymed. This is clearly the (western) River Yeo. See note to line 25.

32 (= I. 39). Doflisc. The River Dalch, which joins the Yeo near Lapford. It is called 'Doflysch' in the fifteenth- century version (No. III. 32). This is the same river-name as that preserved in Dawlish (probably the doflisc of CD. iv. 275 3, and of OS. Fes. II. Exeter, plate 12), and in Dowlish, co. Somerset. There was another name deflisc, which is recorded in the Dewlish and Divelish rivers, co. Dorset (deuelisc, CS. ii. 143", 16; deflisch, Ib. ii. i4424; deulisc, Ib. ii. 5io35; deuelisch, defelich, Ib. iii. 494 2G). Some of the late forms here cited might seem at first sight to favour Mr. Davidson's comic derivation of the name from our adj. devilish (Transactions of the Devonshire Association, 1878, p. 352, note 6).

wijrigslasd, 'willow slade/ As this is written 'Wydeslade' in the fifteenth-century version, it is probable that the name still existed in that form. This may possibly be the widig slced of the yEscford and Beohyl boundaries (CS. iii. 22730), which contain several names that occur in the Crediton boun- daries. It is difficult, however, to identify the two sets of boundaries.

64 NOTES.

The compound widig-sl<zd is of frequent occurrence (CS. i. 2291; ii. 171 32, 436 3S, 441 5, 504 25; iii. 143 12, 297 27). These are all in Dorset, Somerset, and Wiltshire.

As we cannot identify wifiigslced, we are unable to say at what point the boundary leaves the River Dalch. The present boundary of Morchard Bishop ascends the Dalch from its junction with the Yeo to Cann's Mill near Horridge Wood and Lower Curriton.

34 (= I. 41). Beonnan ford. This is, no doubt, Binneford on the Binne- ford Water *, in the parish of Stockleigh English. This is somewhat south of the point where the Kennerleigh boundary (which is probably the line followed by these boundaries) strikes the river. There is another Binneford in the parish of Hittesleigh.

We have here the personal name Beonna, which occurs frequently amongst the names of witnesses in the OE. charters. A local Beonna may be found in Senna, the name of the father of St. Sativola or Sidefull of Exeter, one of the names whereof Freeman (Exeter, p. 1 5) says ' it is hard to make anything/ Stark, Die Kosenamen, p. 25, quotes continental instances where Benno is used as a short form of Berngerus and Bernhardus, and therefore concludes that Beonna represents Beorna. The few instances of the latter name may be explained as late formations from the stem Beorn. There was no name-stem Beon-. Beonna is not infrequent in compounded local names in the charters.

35 (= I. 42). Jxme ealdan herepa}>. The road from Woolfardisworthy to Stockleigh English and Cheriton Fitzpaine? The Sandford boundary runs roughly parallel to this road, but a little to the south of it.

}>a easteran cridian. This seems to be the stream now known as Holly Water Stream, which flows into the Greedy. It partly bounds the parish of Sandford on the north-east.

III.

This version of the boundaries is written on paper in a late fifteenth-century hand. In some cases the names seem to be. given in their fifteenth-century form, but not consistently, for the scribe copies such inflected forms as Tettanburna, Crydyan, Lyllan broke, &c. In these cases the scribe, if he had any local know- ledge, must have known the forms of the names in use in his day. Similarly he writes landsceare, although he probably knew this word in his own dialect. The boundaries are copied or translated from No. I, not from No. II, for they omit, like No. I, the passage homfianon to op nymed in No. II. 30, 31.

1 That the Binneford Water was formerly known as the Greedy, seems to be proved by the name Greedy Mill Farm near Binneford.

CHARTER IV. 6^

«j

IV.

This is the original charter, which is here printed for the first time. It is an addition to the very brief list of charters of ^EtSelstan that have come down to us in their original form. The turgid proem is the same as that of ;£(5elstan's Chichester charter (CS. ii. 348), with which it agrees very closely down to episcopo in line 26'. This proves that the Chichester text, which is derived from a very late copy, is a copy of, or is based upon, a genuine charter.

Bishop Eadulf of Crediton procured a charter from this king in 933 conferring certain immunities upon the lands of the bishopric (CS. ii. 390). The original of this is preserved in the Cotton collection.

In 997 King ^EtSelred granted to -^Elfwold, bishop of Crediton, two hides at Sandford, the boundaries of which agree in many points with those given in the present charter. ^cSelred's charter is not printed by Kemble or Thorpe, and is not mentioned by Wanley. A facsimile of it is given in the Ordnance Survey Facsimiles of Anglo-Saxon Charters, part II, No. 35.

The phraseology of the present charter is so inflated that frequently the sense can only be made out with difficulty. We have ventured to add a few notes to assist in its more rapid comprehension.

2. iduma, abl. sing. This word occurs frequently in ^ESelstan's charters, and in a dubious charter of King ^Et5elred, A.D. 990 (CD. vi. i2229, per eiusdem pantocratoris iduniam, for idumam), which elsewhere recalls the wording of vESelstan's charters. Iduma means ' hand/ and is derived, in some unexplained way, from the Hebrew j^</, dualyadayt'm. It occurs in iheLorica glossary ascribed to Gildas (Cockayne, Leechdoms, i. Ixx; Sweet, 0.£.T.,p. 172): l Unas idumas, twa honda.' In a version of this glossary with Irish glosses (Whitley Stokes, Irish Glosses, Dublin, 1860, p. 133) idumas is glossed by the Latin ' i[d est\ manus1. Stokes remarks, p. 144, that 'idumas seems formed from the Hebrew yadhayim. The abl. sing, occurs in the Book of Hymns, Altus, line 70, " Sufulta dei iduma omnipotentis ualida" where the scholiast says, "*. mauut iduma ebraice, cirus £r<z«f l, manus la tine."' In the glossary entitled Hisperica Famina we read: Arboream capto iduma peltam, quae cerneas cluit tutamine pernas. Here iduma is glossed by manus. See Incerti auctoris Hisperica famina denuo edidit et explanauit J. M. Stowasser, in XIII. Jahresbericht ubtr das K. K. Franz-Joseph Gymnasium in Wien, 1886-7. The authorship of this work is discussed by H. Zimmer, Nennius Vindicates •, 1893, p. 291 sqq*

1 Compare also lines 54-69 with the corresponding portion of the Chichester charter.

2 We are indebted to our friend Mr. Henry Bradley for supplying us with the clue to this explanation.

(IV. 7) K

66 A7OTES.

3. iusta, abl. sing, with lance.

4. infra, 'within (the balance).'

5. motata = m utata. Cf. commotatione for commutatione, line 39. Similarly the Corpus Glossary has motatio (D 366) for mutatio, and permotatio for per mulatto (£466). So also CS. ii. 2ii20, sine molatione et disceptatione.

6. inaccessibili, 'unapproachable, inattainable.' rimatur, ' examines/ The subject is iduma. que, sc. iduma.

7. patria naturalis sinceritatia. The Garden of Eden.

8. cyrographum. Used in the sense of 'sentence.' Cf. CS. ii. 440 24, iii. 446 \

9. temporibus . . . uoluentibus nouissimis, ablative of duration of time.

10. precepto. The Chichester charter has here incorrectly praecepta. pantacratoris. The iravroKparmp of 2 Cor. vi. 18, etc., and of the Sep-

tuagint. Cf. Corpus Glossary, ed. Hessels, P 50 : 'Pantocraton, omnipotens/ The OE. scribes, not understanding crator, sometimes connected it with the Latin creator, and spelt it accordingly. The scribe of this charter first wrote the word as pantocreatoris, and in line 24 the charter speaks of eiusdem omnipatranlis dex- teram, which can only refer to pantocratoris in line 10. The words Theo panto- cratori occur in a charter of Beorhtwulf, king of the Mercians, ante A.D. 840 (CS. ii. 2 6), and in another charter of the same king's in A.D. 845 (Ib. ii. 32 2?). It also occurs in the dubious charter of ^Eftelred's referred to in the note on iduma, line 2 above.

1 1 . cuiusque, sc. massa humane conditionis.

12. timpora, ' temples,' ra ica/pia. This is a not uncommon spelling ottempora. earn, sc. massam humane conditionis.

14. atria. So correctly in the Chichester charter. Birch needlessly suggests the emendation al/era.

1 6. altero. Read altera (sc. pars], as in the Chichester charter.

21. ego -authelstanus. The same stile is used by ^ESelstan between 930 and 937 (CS. ii. 349 20, 357 15> 360 ", 363", 383 27, 385% 39213, 394 n, 403 6, 4<>7 Sl, 423 16, 465 28). It also occurs with variations in other charters of this king (CS. ii-37818, 390 13, 406 2, 426 '2; iii. 684").

21. The same phrases are used, mutatis mutandis, to express the date in other charters of this monarch. See CS. ii. 349 21, 379 30, 384 86, 387 38. With slight variations they are met with in other charters of his (CS. ii. 359 5, 361 3, 362 2<, 364 22, 3934, 395 10, 401 22, 403 37, 406 25, 42327, 4*5 ", 42713; iii. 685'). They also occur in a charter in the Liber de Hyda purporting to be a grant of Edward the Elder and dated 921 (CS. ii. 31 1 23). But the wording of this

CHARTER IV. 6-

charter is that of the time of ^Eftelstan, and the witnesses prove that it must be dated 931.

28. census. Read censu.

32. aliqui ex familia, etc. This exemption from forfeiture for offences committed by any of ^^ familia is unusual. A charter of Edward the Elder to FritSestan, bishop of Winchester, A.D. 909 (CS. ii. 292"), records that an estate had been taken from Winchester church pro stupro cuiusdam militis, cut accommodatumfuerat, ut censum singulis annis persolueret indictum,m& that Bishop Denewulf procured the restoration of the estate by giving a former king a pateram centum auri sigh's appendentem. This is described as 120 mancuses in Edgar's charter (CD. iii, i4512), which continues the history of this estate. Lands given to Winchester cathedral in 737 (CS. i. 228) are recorded, in a dubious charter of ^ESelstan (Ib. ii. 436 13), to have been forfeited by those qui eorum possessores fuerunt, quia aperto crimine furti usque ad mortem obnoxii inuenti sunt. It will be noted that the king states in the present charter that the land conveyed by it formerly belonged to the bishop, sed tamen mihi census [read censu] iniquorum actuum prius reddebatur (line 28). In 1008 ^EcSelred restored to Abingdon monastery an estate that had been unjustly obtained from them by a knight of his, the abbot having claimed it upon its forfeiture by the ^night's widow and her second husband (CD. vi. 160).

35. ergasterio = monasterio. Cf. Corpus Glossary, £299: 'ergas/en'um, monasterium.' Ducange quotes a MS. glossary to the like effect.

38. alium, sc. agellum.

39. commotatione = commutatione. See note to mo/a/a, line 5.

cartula . . . hereditaria. This stipulation is important. It is intended to secure that the lands received in exchange shall be protected by a charier restrict- ing the right of alienation like the present one. In other words, the land received in exchange must be bocland.

40. tellus . . . clarescit. This phrase occurs in some of y£$elstan's charters between the years 930 and 934 (CS. ii. 349 3°» 37820, 384', 3^6 8, 392 25, 403 17» 466 8, and, with slight changes, 362 10, 363 -4, 378, 383, 394 23). Cf. also the dubious charter of uESelred (CD. vi. i238) mentioned in note to line 2.

41. The land herein described is contained within the boundaries of No. I. It had been forfeited to the king as stated in line 28. We have identified some of the local names mentioned, but these are not sufficient to enable us to lay down the boundaries accurately. It is evident, however, that the land comprises the western half of the parish of Sandford.

fintes leage. CL fintes hrigc (CD. iii. 202 10). As this quotation is from a fifteenth century copy, fintes may be a mistake for finces (cp. finces stapul,

K 2

68 NOTES.

CS. iii. I7618, 655 35). This suggestion cannot apply to the present charter, as there is no graphic confusion of / and c in writings of this period.

herepatS. The road from Crediton to Greedy Bridge, the boundary between Crediton and Sandford.

holan cumbes heafod. This combe is recorded in the name of the hamlet of Hollacomb) which is called Hollowcomb in the old one-inch Ordnance map. Holancumbes landscare is mentioned in CS. iii. 2 2 7 27, a charter containing other names occurring in the Crediton and Sandford boundaries, but the position does not seem to agree with that of Hollacomb.

42. sceaftryht, ' in a straight line/ See No. II, note to line 14.

42. Cuddan cnoU. The personal name Cudda occurs in the Durham Liber Vitae, and is, no doubt, a short form of a name in Cuff- with hypocoristic consonant doubling. There are a Knowle Barton and Knowle Lake to the west of the present boundary between Crediton and Sandford, but they seem to lie too far west to be identified with Cuddan cnoll.

43. Jjornisces weg. No other instance of frornisc is known. It is clearly not an adjective, as in this position the weak flexion would be used, and no such adjective is known. The adjectives derived from from are frorniht, frornig, and fry men. If it be a substantive, it may be a derivative of from and mean * collection of thorns/ ' thicket,' ' ground covered with thorns/ But substantives from adjectives in -isc are rare, and the collective fryrnet exists. If it be such a substantive, the use of the gen. sing, is irregular. The use of this case suggests that frornisc is either the name of some animal, bird, &c., or a man's name (for the suffix, cp. Velhisci^ gen., A. D. 679, CS. i. 7i27). We can, however, find no instance of the use of from in the formation of personal names, and the name would, therefore, be an irrregular one.

44. scip broc. This is possibly the scipbroc of No. II, which partly forms the western boundary of Sandford parish.

Lilies ford. Cf. Lilian broc, II. 8. The personal name Lil is preserved in Lilies beam (CS. iii. 632 26) and Lilies ham (Ib. ii. 8i8). Cf. Lil-satan, Lille- shall, co. Salop (Ib. iii. 355 29).

45. cealdan hlinc. The hlinc is probably recorded in Linscomb (from Lmchcombl\ on the southern slope of the hill forming the parish boundary, which is slightly to the north of Linscombe.

45. wyrtrum. The wyrtruman of the 997 boundaries. The only recorded meaning of this word is 'root' or 'tree-root/ This is evidently the primary meaning of the word, which is a compound of wyrt and trum. It occurs most frequently in the weak form wyrt-(f}ruma. In local names it had, probably, some secondary meaning, although we are unable to say what it was. That

CHARTER IV. 69

it means more than 'tree-root' is evident from the frequent occurrence of wyrtrum in the boundaries of the present charter. This deduction holds good even if the word in each of the five cases do not refer to the same wyrtrum. In lines 45, 46 the boundary leaves the wyrtrum and returns to it (on wyrtrum ponne git norff). Kemble explains wyrttruma as the 'roots or foot of a hill, forest, shelf of land, &c.' In the case of a hill, wyrttruma would, if Kemble's suggestion be correct, mean merely * foot ' or ' edge/ In a charter of 984, the boundaries touch the wyrttruman of a grove, thence proceeding by a ditch (of Dynningcgrafes wyrttruman call swa se die sceot\ CD. iii. 208 5). This is probably the origin of Kemble's application of the word to a forest. The wyrtruman of a wood are mentioned in CS. iii. 142 2. The reference to a hill is probably founded upon CS. iii. 39 8 : durh Wippan hoh, pat swa be deem gretan wyrtruman. But here the wyrtruman are not, apparently, part of the hoh. The phrase in a charter of 961 (CS. iii. 301 4) of pam seape swa wyrtruma sceat oft ramleah weg, l as the wyrtruma runs as far as Ramleah way/ proves that the wyrtruma was something much longer than a tree-root. More- over, the stub of an elder-tree (ellen-styb) is mentioned immediately before the seap. The contention that wyrtruma was something possessing considerable length is supported by the following passages, in which the boundary proceeds 'along' a wyrtruma'. A.D. 944, of pam byrgelse ford nord be wyrttruman od dees heges ende (CS. ii. 541 '5) ; A. n. 956, on widigkas wyrtruman . . . on Eatan beares wyrtruman . . . nord be wyrttruman on da east langan die wale . . . andlang hagan sup on f eld on wyrttruman op wederan grafes sud ende (Ib. iii. 106); A.D. 979, on done f eld, dcet andlang wyrttruman on Hildes hlcew (CD. iii. 170''); A. D. 968, of langan riple [=rif>ie?] up be wirtrume on wlfgedyte [ = dyce?], of wlfgedyte be wirtrume, . . . forde be wirtrime on Heahstanes quabben ford be wirtrime andlang riple (CS. iii. 499 <27) ; A.D. 994, of wulfhylle to wuda, swa be dan eald wyrtruman (CD. iii. 27931); A.D. 931, be wyrttruman o}> pa rode [ = clearing?] neopewearde . . . of pam west slo be wyrttruman (CS. ii. 354 2l, 25j ; A.D. 996, of dan hamme a be wurtruman (CD. vi. 137 22). It 'will be noticed that wyrtruma is several times mentioned in close connexion with a hedge or enclosure (hege, haga\ Can the word have meant an enclosed clearing in a wood ? Leo's explanation of the word (Ags. Glossar. p. 499) as die Wurzelfeste (was beim Abfressen des Grases, Abhauen der Bdume ubrig bleibf] finds no support in the passages cited by him. It may be mentioned in this connexion that the place where a tree had stood (Ireawsteall) is mentioned in CS. ii. 557 24, 558 2. The word wyrt-wala, which undoubtedly means 'root' ( = Germ. wurzet), has apparently the same meaning as wyrtrum or wyrtruma in local names1. 1 In CS. iii. 492 16 it is in close connexion with a ' haw ' : ford J>onne be uurtwalan ]>ar se

70 NOTES.

Earle's explanation of the meaning of wyrtwala (Land Charters, p. 462) seems to us unlikely.

46. Brocheardes hamm. This is, perhaps, recorded in the name Brox^m Copse, near Pidsley, in Sandford parish. The personal name Br de-heard occurs in Broc-hardes ford (CS. iii. 588 r8), and in Brocardes-cote, co. Leicester (Domes- day Book, i. 232 a, col. i). Names in Broc are rare. Broc-wulf is preserved in Broxtowe, co. Nottingham (Brocholvestou, Brochelestou, and Brolvestou in Domesday) and possibly in Brocklesby, co. Lincoln (Brochesbi, D. B.). The short form Broc is probably preserved in Brooksby, co. Leicester (Brochesbi, D. B. i. 236 b, col. i, 237 a, col. i) and in Brocheshale, co. Dorset (D. B. i. 82 b, col. 2). Forstemann, Altdeutsches Namenbuch, i. 286, has only the name Bruoh-braht (=O.E. * B.roc-beorhf). The first-stem pet-form occurs in 990 on Broccces hlcBW (CD. iii. 25J225), for this cannot well be from brocc 'a badger.' The word hl<zw in the charters is almost invariably joined with a personal name, no doubt recording the person buried therein.

haga. This is probably the haga referred to in the Sandford boundaries of 997, which proceed direct from the wyrtruman to the haga and thence by the brook to ftelbricg.

bromleah. Probably Brimley^ to the west of Pidsley, near the parish boundary.

Pideres leah. Pidsley (East and West), in Sandford. Cf. piddes meres weg (CS. iii. 586 24), Pyddes geat (Ib. ii. 363 27).

48. hlosleah. Hlos is one of the numerous unexplained words that enter into the composition of OE. local names. It is evidently a substantive, as it is, with one exception, uninflected in composition. We have noted the following instances of the word: hlos-stede (CS. iii. 449 26), co. Dorset; hlos-hdm (Ib. iii. 47431), co. Essex (?) ; hlos-hrycg (Ib. iii. 84 w), co. Wilts; hlos-dionu (Ib. ii. 403 23), co. Kent; hlos-wudu (Ib. ii. 301 23), co. Surrey; hlos-moc (Ib. i. 229 8, ]°; ii. 436 :9), co. Wilts; hlossan-ham (Ib. i. 207 9), co. Kent1. The hlios-sole cf. CS. i. 565 17 rn£y be connected, if it is wrongly copied for hlos-sol.

49. filetS leah. Cf. Filleigh, in Lapford parish, to the west of Sandford. Filed is another unexplained word that occurs several times in local names. A filed-leah occurs in the charter printed in CS. iii. 227 26, which has several names agreeing with those in the present charter, but we are unable to identify the filed-leah there mentioned with that in our text. The compound occurs also in CS. i. 314 33; iii. 494 2<, 589 4, and, as filid-leah, in CD. iii. 208 3. A Fzled-ham is

haga ut cymti, be fiani wyrtwalan to pades pafie. In CS. iii. 44 28 a wyrtwala is mentioned next to an oak wood.

1 This is from a post-Conquest copy, and is probably corrupt.

CHARTER IV. 71

mentioned in CS. iii. 44 89, n filed-hamm at iii. 95 2, and *. fykt- Q\ fcekt-hamm in ii. 171 37. In CS. iii. 290 8l a filed-cumb occurs, and the sub. occurs uncom- pounded in CS. ii. 519" on filepa. Cf. (?) on fildena wega (CS. ii. i6y14). Domesday, i. 248 b, col. i, mentions a Fekde in co. Stafford (now Fauld ?). It is dubious whether the Filleicham, i. 17 a, col. i, now Filsham, in Bexhill, Sussex, is derived from filid. Felixstowe, co. Suffolk, apparently represents a Filid-stow, as it is called Filthstowe in 1316 (Nomina Villarum, 319 a). A John de Fylethe, of Kent, is mentioned in the Close Rolls in 1318 and 1325 (Calendar, pp. 406, 612), but this does not prove that the word was then current, since this Fylethe might be a local name, and not an appellation in common use.

felbrycg. ' Plank-bridge.' This is not the parish of Thelbridge near Sandford, but a bridge in Sandford parish recorded in the name Thelbridge Ford, where the road from Sandford to South Molton crosses, at Waddely Hill, the small brook running into the Binneford Water opposite Dowrish Mill. It is the fielbricg mentioned in the Sandford charter of 997 (Ordnance Survey Facsimiles, Part III, No. 35). .

The word pelbrycg, which is identical with the German Delbriick, occurs several times in the charters (CS. i. 82 31 ; iii. 15 7, 356 7; CD. iii. 236 28, 3l). Elmbridge, near Gloucester, has been etymologized from Elbridge, which arose from a thirteenth century interpretation of Thelbridge as TJi Elbridge (Stevenson, Calendar of Gloucester Corporation Records, 1893, p. 109).

JEsculfes weorftig. ' ^Esculf s homestead or farm/ Cf. the laws of Ini, c. 40 (Schmid, p. 38) : ceorles weoroig sceal beon winires and sumeres betyned. Here it appears to mean ' croft/ ^Elfric's Gram., ed. Zupitza, has ^fundus, wurolg' (28 12), and l praedium, wortSig ' (318 "). The word had also the meaning 'street' (Vesp. Psalter, 17, 43 wortiigna = platearum, 54, 12 of woroignum = de plateis, 143, 14 in woroignum = in plateis \ cf. also Matth. (Lindisfarne) vi. 5 = worffum platearum, and I219 wordum = plateis; Leechdoms, ii. 44 on worpium — < by the road side/ &c., &c.). In Beda, ed. Miller, p. 194 18 it is used for ' village ' (from Cetreht weorpige = a uico Cataractone}. It is preserved in local names in the former meaning. In Devonshire it occurs frequently in the names of farms and small hamlets.

53. henne stigel. This name is preserved in Henstill (Middle, Cobley's, Adam's, and Reed's Henstill) and in West Henstill, in the parish of Sandford. It is the Lnne-stigel mentioned in the Sandford boundaries of A. D. 997 (Ordnance Survey Facs., Part III, No. 35), where it is north of Ruxford (Hroces-ford), and, therefore, in the immediate vicinity of the present Henstilts. The 997 boundaries agree hereabouts exactly with those of the present charter, proceeding, however, in the opposite direction.

72 NOTES.

The name is puzzling, as it means literally ' hen's stile.' It may be com- pared with Henna-rid or Henne-rifi (CS. iii. 165 19, 326 19, 391 25, 392 n; CD. vi. n68), now Hendred, co. Berks. The Wifeles stigel in CS. ii. 246 28 derived its name, no doubt, from the man's name Wifel and not from wifel ' weevil/

Hroces ford. Ruxford Barton, in West Sandford. It is spelt in the same way in the Sandford boundaries of 997. Cf. hroces-wylle (CS. ii. 81 16, 20), et hroces seatium (Ib. ii. 29 8). Probably from a personal name *Hroc. This name- stem is not uncommon in continental Germanic names (see Forstemann, col. 712), but it does not appear to have been much used in England, although possibly preserved in the surname Rooke. Hroc is interesting as the name of the Alemannic king who played so important a part in the creation of Constantine as emperor at York (Aurelius Victor, c. 41, where the text has Erocus in mistake for Crocus).

54. weardsetl. The weard-setl of the 997 boundaries, lying south of Ruxford. One is tempted to identify this with Beacon Hill or Beacon Cross, which lies NW. of Ruxford Barton, but the boundaries appear to proceed in the opposite direction.

Weard-setl means the ' seat or place where watch was kept/ and thus it may denote a watch-tower or beacon or merely some elevated place where watch was kept in time of war. The word occurs several times in boundaries (CS. i. 257 ]S; ii. 1 14 17, 458 13, 20, 532 n ; iii. 66 u, 610 33 ; CD. iii. 227 2e ; vi. 243 20). It was also used to denote the watch itself, e.g. ^Elfric's Homilies, i. 452 13. In Wright-Wulcker, 342 26, &c., it glosses excubias. Cf. weard-hangra (CS. ii. 246 *) and weard-stealL Si uero, &c. The same anathema occurs in the Chichester charter (CS. ii. 350), and, with slight variations, in CS. ii. 358, 362, 364, 379, 384, 387, and 403. Compare also CS. ii. 340, 390, 392, 395, 406, and 408. These are all charters of ^ESelstan. The same phraseology occurs in the charter wrongly ascribed to Edward the Elder (CS. ii. 311), mentioned in the note to line 21 above.

57. breuiculam. In addition to the references given in the preceding note, ^EtSelstan calls his charter breuiculam in CS. ii. 341. The charter there printed was probably composed by the same rhetorician as the present one.

6 1. filius perditionis. loh. xvii. 12.

62. huius namque. This same attestation clause is used, with the omission of the words uirgineo . . . destillante, and with slight variations, in other charters of this king (CS. ii. 350, 359, 362, 364, 379, 384, 387, 393, 395, 403, 406, 408,

423, 427).

63. inspirate atque inuente uoluntatis. This phrase has been singularly perverted by the copyists of ^Selstan's charters. The correct reading is obviously inspiratae atque inuentae uoluntatis as given here and in two original charters

CHARTER IV. 73

(CS. ii. 364, 403), and in several charters preserved only in later copies (CS. ii. 379, 393, 408, 427). Several of the printed texts read impirante atque uiuente (CS. ii. 350, 387, 406 ; CD. ii. 190). In the first case Mr. Birch unfortunately suggests iuuante for uiuente. In CS. ii. 406 the scribe has justified the mis- reading by omitting the preposition a before deo. The copyists of the charters in CS. ii. 423 and 425 have the strange reading innuente, although the preposition is retained. It is probable that some of these errors are due to the editors, for a mediaeval scribe would not be puzzled by the use of e for ae.

64. Cyppan hamm. Chippenham, co. Wilts. This form proves that the long-prevalent derivation of this name from cyping ' market,' is unfounded. It is called Cippan-hamm in the Parker Chronicle, A.D. 878, and Cyppan-ham in some of the other chronicles. In King Alfred's will (CS. ii. i7815) it is at Cippan hamme. The to Cyppan-hamme of CS. \. 342 2 was in the parish of Bishop's Cleeve, near Cheltenham, co. Gloucester. The second part of the name is clearly not ham, but hamm, which is still applied to meadows in the West of England. From the gemination it is probable that Cippa is a personal name. A Cyppinge leuita is recorded in the Hyde Liber Vitae, ed. Birch, 1892, p. 29 26. Cf. Cipes broc (CS. iii. 344 19).

65. uirgineo . . . destillante. This inflated sentence merely means ' with ink on white parchment,'/0;rzj^ being evidently used in the sense of calamo. Cf. CS. ii. 341 34, ^ESelstan to Bishop Fri(Sestan : hanc . . . breuiculam alrae fuscationis pallore depictam ac lacrimosa uirginei forcipis destillatione fedaiam . . . corroboraui.

70. .ZEthelstanus. The king subscribes in the same or a very similar phrase in CS. ii. 350, 379, 385, 388, 395, 400.

73. Wulfhelmus. The witnesses are, in the main, the same as those of the Chichester charter (CS. ii. 348), which is dated twenty-four days earlier. The latter omits Bishop Frifestan, and omits the duces ^Escbriht, Styrcaer, Gufrum, purferS, and Fraena, having an equal number of other duces in their places, to wit ^Elred, Alfred, Urum, Regenwold, and the blundered name Scrices. There are also differences in the names of the ministri. The Busa of the Chichester charter arises from a common misreading of OE. 3 as s, and is therefore the Buga of our charter. The name Syfred clearly represents the Sigered of the present charter, arising from a misreading of the latter as Sisered, which a later scribe has read as Sifered.

85. Eadweard episcopus. This bishop signs in 930 (CS. ii. 350 31) and 931 (H>- 359 22, 36 5 15). He was, according to Bishop Stubbs, Registrum Sacrum, p. 14, a suffragan of York. He is not named amongst the suffragans of York in 929 (CS. ii. 344). The present charter is witnessed principally by southern and western bishops.

(IV. 7) L

74 NOTES.

87. -ZElfwald dux. ^Elfwald signs pretty regularly from 925 to 938 and in 944 (CS. ii. 550 20). He also signs a charter ascribed to Edward the Elder and dated 921 (Ib. ii. 312 9), but this is, as the formulae and witnesses prove, a charter of ^EtSelstan, and should be dated 931. ^Elfwald is called princeps in 925 (Ib. ii- 317 22). There is a grant of land in Kent to a minister of this name (Ib. ii. 403). This is probably the Ealdorman, as the charter is witnessed by him and no ^Elfwald is named amongst the ministri.

88. JEscbriht dux. Signs regularly from 931 to 934.

89. .ZElfstan dux. Signs regularly from 930 to 934. He also signs the charter wrongly dated 921, described in note to line 87. The charter dated 943 (CS. ii. 528 1S) witnessed by him is obviously wrong. Although professing to date from the sixth year of ^Eftelstan (i. e. 930-1), the stile of this charter is that of Eadred and his successors, not of ^EcSelstan, and it is witnessed by three archbishops, two of whom are unrecognizable. ^Elfstan was probably the brother of Ealdorman ^E]?elwold, as the latter makes a bequest to the son of his brother ^Elfstan in his will (CS. ii. 583 26), which must be dated in 946 or 947 1. As the bequest is to ^Elfstan's son and not to ^Elfstan, it seems that ^Elfstan died before the date of this will ; the ^Ifstan dux who witnesses the present charter ceases to sign in 934. This Ealdorman yEfelwold is to be distinguished from his nephew (?) ^Ef>elwold, Ealdorman of East Anglia, the son of ^£f>elstan ' Half-King ' (see below, page 83). The first-named ^Efelwold was in possession of Ash down, co. Berks, which was granted by Cenwealh of Wessex to his kinsman CutSred in 648 (Chron. A), and was probably an estate inalienable to others than members of the royal house of Wessex. It seems from this ^EtSelwold's will that he was brother to JEcSelstan 'Half-King' (see below, page 83). If our identifications of the men named in ^EcSelwold's will are correct, it is clear that ^Elfstan, the witness of the present charter, was also a brother of ./£<5elstan ' Half-King/

90. Uhtred dux. There is a grant of land in Derbyshire to &fidelis Uhtred in 926 (CS. ii. 333 29). This is perhaps Uhtred, brother of Ealdred, son of Ealdwulf, of Bamburgh 2, who made peace, together with several other * kings,' with ^Et5elstan at Emmot in this year (Chron. B). With the exception of Uhtred, regulus of the Hwiccii (CS. i. 266-290), most of the bearers of this name were members of the great Northumbrian family. Uhtred signs as dux from 934 to

1 Kemble and Birch date the will ' 946-955,' the duration of the reign of Eadred, to whom it is addressed. But as two of the estates therein bequeathed to Ealdorman Eadric were con- firmed or granted to the latter by Eadred in 947 (CS. ii. 593, 602), it is evident that the will was executed between 946, the date of Eadred's accession, and 947, the date of the above confirmations.

2 Historia de Sancto Cuthberfo, ed. Hinde, p. 147.

CHARTER IV. 75

946 and in 949 \ In the latter year he received a grant of lands in Staffordshire (CS. iii. 40). Two duces of this name sign in 931, 932, and 934, and one as late as 958. An 'Uhtred Child' received a grant of land in Derbyshire in 955 (Ib. iii. 73).

91. Styrcaer dux. This represents the ON. Styr-kar 2. No other signatures of this Styrcaer occur. A later bearer of the name occurs between 972 and 992 (CS. iii. 369 18, 36, 370 2, 371 n). For the orthography, cf. Eadgcer, line 81.

92. Quorum dux. The ON. Godormr 3, from gu}> -\-fiormr *. He subscribes from 928 to 937, the date of the battle of Brunanburh. ^Ef>elstan's charters are witnessed by several Northmen. Steenstrup, Normannerne, iii. 70, has collected their signatures, but he is wrong in stating (p. 69) that they only occur between 928 and 935. It will be seen from our notes that some of the signatures are subsequent to the latter date.

93. purferS dux. By the action of phonetic laws of later date than this charter, ON. has reduced the sub. -frf&r of several compound names to r$r 5, so so that this ON. name occurs as fiorrfiftr. purferS signs in 931 (CS. ii. 36s12), and 934 (Ib. 402 9, 407 28 ; iii. 685 41, a very late MS., wherein his name has been corrupted by the copyists into purberd]. The name occurs in Domesday as Turverd, Turvert.

94. FrsBna dux. Like Styrcaer, Frsena is an addition to the list of Norsemen who witness ^£f>elstan's charters. The name represents the ON. Frdne, Frdni, from the adj.frann, 'bright, gleaming.' Frcena occurs in Chron. A, in 871, as the name of a Danish eorl. The same form is used in the Chronicles in 993 of a leader who was, according to Florence of Worcester, of Danish origin. This is, no doubt, the Frcena minister who signs from 980 to 1004 (CD. iii. 177 9, 280 25, 284", 289 35, 292 u, 308 29, 315 35, 334 25). He is called Frana in 1001 (Ib. iii. 31 7 27). Another (?) Frena minister witnesses in 970 and 971 (CS. iii. 559 27> 567 30). He is possibly the Frena of CS. iii. 368 3, 369 17,*, 37°" W1, 37 J 22> 372 12- As tnese Frena forms are from post-Conquest copies, they, no doubt, represent the form Frcena. In Domesday the name is spelt Frane.

95. Grim dux. This witness occurs in 930 (CS. ii. 35°35)- A Grim [eorl] witnesses in 946 (Ib. 578 4), and in 949 (Ib. iii. 39 39), where his position suggests that he was a Northumbrian. He was, no doubt, a Norseman, as Grim was little used in OE. personal names.

1 He also signs the charter of 921 =931 described in the note to line 87.

2 P. A. Munch, Om Betydningen af vore nationale JVavne, in his Samlede Afhandlinger, Christiania, 1876, iv. 125, 175.

3 The name also occurs, with accent-variation, as Guttormr (Noreen, in Paul s Grundrtss, i. 456 ; Altnord. Grammatik,t&. 2, § 51, i a, § 186).

* Munch, iv. 88 ; Noreen, Altnord. Gr., § 51, i a. 5 /£. p. 71 ; Ib. § 245, 4.

L 2

76 NOTES.

ENDORSEMENT.

1 1 6. A corrupt text of this endorsement, which is now printed for the first time from the contemporary MS., is preserved in a thirteenth century roll in the British Museum (Cott. Roll, ii. n). It was printed in 1878 from this roll by Mr. J. B. Davidson in the Transactions of the Devonshire Association, vol. x, p. 250, and it has been reprinted by Earle, Land Charters^ p. 422.

As the endorsement is witnessed by Cnut, it cannot have been written before the end of 1016, whilst, of the other witnesses, Archbishop Lifing died in 1020 and Ealdorman ^EcSelwerd was outlawed in the same year. The fact, pointed out by Davidson, that the names of the witnesses are all found in a charter of 10 1 8 (CD. iv. 3), renders it probable that this record was drawn up in that year.

This endorsement is a mortgage for securing thirty mancuses of gold, which BeorhtnocS had lent to the bishop. As the bishop states that this money was ' for the redemption of his land ' (to minre landhreddinge], there need be little doubt that he required the money for payment of his portion of the Danegeld imposed by Cnut in 1018 for the purpose of paying off his fleet1. The word landhredding is used because, if the bishop had not paid the sum due from him for the Crediton lands, the lands would have been forfeited to the king. The wording of the deed is not quite clear. The bishop grants to Beorhtno'S a yard of land as security for the money, which land BeorhtnoS is to hold for life, bequeathing the sum for which the land was charged to whomsoever he wished. Probably the meaning is that BeorhtnotS was to take the profits of the land until his debt had been satisfied, and that he might bequeath the sum still remaining due at his death to whomsoever he wished.

A close parallel to the transaction recorded in this deed may be found in a charter of Eadric, abbot of Ealdanham (Gloucester), in 1022, which probably relates to the Danegeld of 1018. In this he witnesses that he had demised two abbey estates to a man for life, adding et hoc fed pro eiusdem placila pecunia mihi pro xv. libris, quibus redemi omnia alia praedia monasterii ab ilia magna heregeldi exactione, quae per totam Angliam fuit (Hist. Mon. S. Petri Glouc., i. 8 ; CD. vi. 1 80). The use of redemi strongly supports the meaning that we have given to landhredding. A somewhat similar transaction is recorded in CD. iii. 285. The Danes, whilst ravaging Kent, promittebant se ad aecclesiam Sancti Saluatoris, quae in Dorouernensi ciuitate sita est, ituros, et earn suis incendiis funditus delere, nisi pecunia, quae eis ab archiepiscopo Sirico promissa fuerat, ad plenum daretur.

1 Earle, Land Charters, p. 422, translates minre landhreddinge by 'management of my estates ' apparently identifying the redding of his MS. with rading. But the correct reading of our charter (hredding) can only mean ' saving, redemption.' Moreover, Earle's explanation altogether misses the point of the mortgage.

CHARTER IV. 77

Archbishop Sigeric sent to Bishop ^Escwig begging him that sibi pecuniam, quae deer at, pro sui amoris diligentia donaret, et antedictum rus quo in suo potestatis arbi- trio, pro hac accipere non renueret. ^Escwig sent the money, and the land was demised to him ut habeat et possideat quamdiu se esse praesentialiter cognoscat ; et post se haeredi, cut uoluerit, concedat. The next charter (CD. iv. 286) records that ^Escwig — to whom, presumably, the money had been paid — restored the land, which he describes as the land quam . . . Sigericus . . . dedit mihi in uadimonium pro pecum'a, quam a me mutuo accepit. Cf. also CD. iii. 24932. In a charter of 1014 (CD. vi. 1 6 8) land is recorded to have been conveyed in perpetuity by the Bishop of Sherborne ob malorum infestationes direpiionesque Danorum. Domesday, ii. 360 b, records that the Abbot of St. Edmunds held certain land in uadimonio pro xi. marcis auri, concessu Engelrici, quando redimebant Anglici terras suas. But this redemption was from the Normans (Freeman, Norman Conquest ', iv. 25, note). Translation : — I, Bishop EadnoS, make known in these writs that I borrowed thirty mancuses of gold by lead-weight from BeorhnotS for the redemption of my land, and I delivered to him as security a yard * of land by the Greedy on these conditions, that he should have it for his life, and that after his life he should bequeath the money that stands on the land [i.e.